Missing White Woman Syndrome Essay

Missing white woman syndrome, also known as missing pretty girl syndrome, is a tongue-in-cheek term coined by some media critics to reference a form of media hype in which excessive news coverage is devoted to a specific missing or murdered white women and girls, while virtually ignoring missing men, non-white women, or other news stories. According to these critics, reporting of these stories often lasts for several days or weeks, sometimes even months, and displaces reporting on other current events that some people consider more newsworthy, such as economics and politics. This syndrome appears to be most prevalent in U. S. media, but famous examples can also be found elsewhere in the world, e. g. the United Kingdom. The essential features of a missing person said to give rise to Missing White Woman Syndrome are sex, her race, (relative) prettiness, and age. These features are said to provoke positive discrimination in the reporting as news of the disappearance of a young white woman, and so to increase public interest in her disappearance. Missing people claims that cases which generate greatest publicity are those where missing persons are white, middle-class, female and from stable two-parent families, and where is no indication that such a missing person ran away from home. A working-class boy or an older woman is less likely to receive news coverage. Even in cases where foul play is suspected, if the victim is male, is of Afro-Caribbean or Asian descent, is a prostitute, has drug problems, is a persistent runaway, or has been in foster care, reporters are said to decide that their readership is less likely to relate to or empathize with the victim, and they reduce their coverage accordingly. The typical profile that must be fit: blonde, attractive, if possible blue-eyed, young, petite, vivacious and of a middle class or higher economic background creates the cases of MPWW which involve every local or national news to provide regular daily coverage of any and all developments, accompanied by lengthy discussions about the meaning of such developments. Speculations about evidence, suspects, motives that caused the disappearance rise and family members are called in order to offer more information and to show pictures of the victim. As the story gains momentum and begins to pick up steam like a runaway locomotive more talk shows and news media search details and turn the event into a national issue. The typical case lasts for days, weeks, months, forever and ever resulting in some families creating a website about the case, or a reward is posted, flyers and leaflets are posted all over and cover all neighborhoods. However, if we take a look at the Doe Network, which is one of the resources that handles missing adult cases, we find out that: a) there are more missing black women in the US than women of all other races combined, b) there are more missing men than women, and c) there are far, far more missing long-term missing persons than most people even dream about. Moreover, from the news you would never know that most missing Americans are men, not women, that nearly a third of the missing are black, and that even ugliness will not save a woman from becoming missing and turning up dead. [pic] Missing People Chart. [pic]http://abagond. wordpress. com/2007/12/27/the-missing-white-woman-syndrome/ The Missing White Woman Syndrome should be taken into account and treated as a huge problem, but at times some cases are emphasize more than others and thus discrimination appears. What is more, â€Å"Missing White Woman Syndrome† seems to be interjecting racism into a situation that is much more complex than simple racism, as very often the disappearance of black women is neglected or if at the same time a white woman and a black one are reported missing it is only the white one that catches the media attention and soon becomes national news. Some critics say that pretty, white damsels in distress draw viewers, whereas missing women who are black, Latino, Asian, old, fat or ugly do not. For example, in May 2004, a young black woman was missing. It was not until 14 months later that they found her body. Her aunt worked in public relations but the press was not all that interested. Yet during all those months, when she went missing cable news went on and on about other missing women who were white. So, it could be the media’s fault for not covering every subject properly, and at times this does not resume just to Missing White Woman Syndrome, but to other news as well. It is a matter of interpretation of every situation and the media tends to draw the attention upon a certain area of a subject so that it should turn the whole thing into a business as it is often considered. For example, an automobile accident that kills five people is â€Å"newsworthy†, but five separate fatalities are not. A coal mine accident that kills a dozen is covered by every media outlet, but scores of miners who die from black lung every year are ignored. It is the shocking news that get the attention, as a means of manipulating the audience. Some claim that the media offers its viewers what they want, as it is like any other market driven much the same way that demand for certain automobiles drives production. It is said that is not just pretty white women, because people are drawn to stories about â€Å"pretty† people in general. Good looking actors get more face time than not so goof looking ones. Overweight people are now the majority in the U. S. , yet â€Å"full figured† models don’t turn up in Victoria Secret magazines. A plump homely missing child will likely not draw the attention that a good looking child would. Maybe people are drawn to â€Å"attractive†, because it is what we want to be. Then when bad things happen to attractive people we feel bad because something happened to the concept of what we’d like to see ourselves as – attractive. Attractive is pleasing to the eye and to the mind, and we are drawn to the things that please us†¦ Government intervention could be the only solution, if it subsidized the news media to insure the reporting of certain events even though they may not be in demand. However, there are opponents who claim that this is a social matter and not an economic one, mainly focused on racism and the way it is still perceived in America. Missing White Woman Syndrome is spread not only in the United States, but in other countries as well and it apparently attract millions of viewers. During the last year in Romania there ahs been a continuous debate on a similar case of a missing white woman, a lawyer, whose case has been analyzed from every angle and it is still discussed. Some even say that it became a brand, as there was a TV-show that kept up with all the details of the case. In the meanwhile many other teenagers or children have gone missing but the attention is still drawn to this never-ending case that some even consider not to be true. There is also the cult of true womanhood which teaches that white women are to be rescued, therefore they are helpless and in need of protection, while black women are assumed as being â€Å"in control† of the situation. It is a matter of perception upon the entire world, thus including prejudices and mentalities that grow into racism and into different forms of seeing others of a different race or sex or social status as capable of certain things. Here we could mention the view of people on a missing black woman who is later found dead, as either a drug addict or an easy woman. The questions â€Å"How do you save a black man from drowning? You take off your foot of his head. † and â€Å"What do you get if a white man falls of a skyscraper? Who cares. † best summon the idea that it is spread worldwide not just on the Missing White Woman Syndrome, but in other cases of discrimination and also national opinion upon a certain topic. The abagond. wordpress. com refers to the missing white woman syndrome as â€Å"missing pretty girls syndrome† or â€Å"damsel in distress syndrome† and it also makes references of TV episodes where the syndrome was clearly present. That is in â€Å"Without a Trace† episode â€Å"White Balance† in which the agents investigate two cases: that of a white teenage girl and that of a black teenage boy. They must cope with the white girl’s case getting constant attention and the black boy’s getting none. The episode concludes with a No Ending, as we are told that one lives and one dies, but not which is which. In one episode of â€Å"Law and Order Criminal Intent†, the disappearance of a white girl on a school trip becomes the subject of a media frenzy, and is eventually tied to the disappearance of a local black girl. The mother of the black girl accuses the authorities of coming to her only when her daughter’s disappearance was tied up with the white girl’s. The msnbc. msn. com refers to unconscious bias stating that â€Å"Quoting those FBI statistics – its like saying ‘99percent of the nations in the world are not at war, so why are focusing on the war? ’ But Iraq is an extraordinary event involving Americans† said Mark Effron, vice president of news at MSNBC TV. â€Å"What makes news is the unexpected. † Also, ironically the site gives another quote which refers to the Missing White Woman Syndrome, that is â€Å"If you are missing, it helps to be young, white, female. † Maybe this statement should raise a question mark that can make everyone see the real meaning of this â€Å"syndrome† that does not occur only among white women, but among black or Asian women as well, thus making all of them equal in front of the world and in the media articles. CNN has often been accused of not taking into account all missing cases and of observing and broadcasting only those of white pretty women, ignoring missing black women. The news media does not only entertain viewers, but also sells newspapers and you rarely, if ever, see in the news a woman â€Å"of color† who has gone missing. The Missing White Woman Syndrome is another embodiment of racism that makes you concentrate only on a small part of the problem and thus ignore the rest as if it never exists. There are thousands of people who go missing every day, but who, for not fitting the profile do not make it to the front page or the news. Those attractive women who are reported try to create that perfect image of the world where everyone seeks the beauty and the perfection and these cases of disappearances or deaths often ruin or at least shake the confidence in these stereotypes. But it is very clear that one does not have to be young, blonde and blue-eyed in order to be abducted and moreover breaking the news does not necessarily help bring back the missing person. Here is a matter of police involvement as well and the way in which authorities do everything in their power to find whoever has gone missing. Nevertheless, it is somehow ironical how statistics show that there are more males missing than women, and yet rarely are these cases reported. The percentage of missing white women is not higher than that of black women, but we only speak about a Missing White Woman Syndrome and not about a Missing Black Woman Syndrome. There are also a lot of children gone missing and most of them are not blond, blue-eyed and yet they are those who everyone talks about and even become icons of the â€Å"syndrome†. It is a creation of a fake world where we only focus on what we want to see and not on what there really is out there. Bibliography: www. msnbc. msn. com www. tvtropes. org www. abagond. wordpress. com Monica Radu, 1st year student of American Studies.

Green Haven State Prison Essay

The individual who has been chosen for this paper is Leroy â€Å"Nicky† Barnes who is an African American who became a legend in the history of organized crime. Born in October 15 1993, he is a former crime boss and even drug dealer who was the leader of the crime organization that was notoriously known as The Council, which mainly comprised of African – Americans (Roberts, 6). He was even nicknamed Mr. Untouchable owing to the manner in which his operations were well calculated. He was once a dope addict, but later stopped the habit of using the drug and became a distributor of heroin, as a matter of fact a main one in Harlem, New York. In his autobiography that he wrote about his life, Barnes says that the first heroin that he ever sold was one that belonged to his father, which he was holding for dealing within the street corners. He managed to sell some of this heroine to the older guys within his neighborhood, and he managed to make some easy money, and this made him to even value heroine more (Roberts, 6). Barnes later graduated to dealing for another dealer who was more established than him, whose name was Fat Herbie. This is the man that brought Barnes to the Italians with whom he made contact. With this connection, he was able to have heroine imported for him by the Italians, whose reputation for good heroine was good. In the 1950s, Barnes would make up to 1600 dollars a day from selling heroine packages, and managed to hire a security guy and some street dealers with the money that he got (Roberts, 6). He even bragged that his drugs was one of the best in the streets and kept the quality high, while ensuring that the cut was low. He claimed to know what addicts mainly wanted considering that he was once an addict himself. By the time it was 1959, people had started requesting for his packages and they were so famous that they had a name, and they were called that ‘Nicky Barnes thing’. This was his first step towards success, but it was short lived as he was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison in Green Haven State Prison, and this cut short his business operations (Roberts, 6). While in prison he met another Italian who he had earlier been introduced to. His name was Matty, short for Matthew and he educated him on how to run a drug ring. He told him that to be organized; he had to have at least 50 people working under him, as each person would act as a layer of protection (Roberts, 6). Three years later, Barnes was released and now that he had made some serious connections, he knew that he now had to make some big money. He was given a couple of things to start up his operation with including half a kilogram of heroine by Frank Madonna, and a car and house in which to stash his drugs in. he then managed top find seven strong men whom he included in his organization, since he knew that with strong men on his side it would all work. These men who later came to form the council included; Frank James, Thomas Foreman, Joseph Hayden, Guy Fischer, Wallace Rice and Ishmael Muhammed (Roberts, 6). 2. BUSINESSES Barnes later graduated to dealing for another dealer who was more established than him, whose name was Fat Herbie. This is the man that brought Barnes to the Italians with whom he made contact. With this connection, he was able to have heroine imported for him by the Italians, whose reputation for good heroine was good. In the 1950s, Barnes would make up to 1600 dollars a day from selling heroine packages, and managed to hire a security guy and some street dealers with the money that he got (Barnes, 352).. He even bragged that his drugs was one of the best in the streets and kept the quality high, while ensuring that the cut was low (Barnes, 352).. He claimed to know what addicts mainly wanted considering that he was once an addict himself. By the time it was 1959, people had started requesting for his packages and they were so famous that they had a name, and they were called that ‘Nicky Barnes thing’. This was his first step towards success, but it was short lived as he was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison in Green Haven State Prison, and this cut short his business operations (Barnes, 352). The manner in which the business between Matty and Barnes was operating was very organized and well planned (Barnes, 352).. Matty would park a car that was filled with drugs at a spot that was pre arranged, then the key would be passed on to Barnes, who would then send one of his men to drive the car to the destination and sell the drugs. The car would then be taken to another pre arranged spot, this time filled with money and the key passed on to Matty. In this way, they both managed to make millions of dollars in their operation (Barnes, 352). 3. Theory Rational choice theory is one theory that seems to fit into this organization which is The Council or even the case of Barnes. This theory is of the notion that man is a reasoning individual who tends to weigh the beliefs and costs the means and the ends and makes a choice that is most rationale according to his understanding (Abadinsky, 98). This theory is related to several other theories including the drift theory and even the systematic crime theory. The theory states that in order for crime to take place there has to be three elements that have to be present; and offender who is motivated, a target that is available and suitable and finally the lack of an authoritative figure that is capable of preventing the crime from taking place (Chainey, 20). This theory fits into the case of Barnes and The Council, more so considering that the motivation that Barnes had was to be successful, the target available was the drug addicts that were present in Harlem and the law enforcers were unavailable to stop their operations. Barnes also used reasoning to weigh the profits and losses in all his decisions, and this managed to define his success. 4. LAW ENFORCEMENT’S RESPONSE Apart from the short three year stint that Barnes served in Green Haven State Prison, Barnes and some of the member of his crew were arrested, with Barnes being sentenced to life. He was charged with the crime of heading a criminal enterprise and also fined 125,000 dollars (Abadinsky, 67). References Abadinsky, Howard. Drug Use and Abuse: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York: Cengage Learning, 2007. Print. Abadinsky, Howard. Organized crime. New York: Nelson-Hall, 1985. Print. Abadinsky, Howard. Understanding Crime: Essentials of Criminological Theory. New York: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print Chainey, Spencer & Ratcliffe, Jerry. GIS and Crime Mapping. John Wiley & Sons, 2005. Print. Clarke, R. V. & Eck, J. Becoming a Problem-Solving Crime Analyst. Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. London: University College London, 2003. Print. Leroy â€Å"Nicky† Barnes, Tom Folsom. Mr. Untouchable: My Crimes and Punishments (March 6, 2007 ed. ). Rugged Land. p. 352. Roberts, Sam. Crime’s ‘Mr. Untouchable’ Emerges From Shadows. New York: New York Times, 2007. http://www. nytimes. com/2007/03/04/nyregion/04nicky. html. Retrieved 2010-05-03.

The major causes and consequences of ruralurban migration in the Essay

The major causes and consequences of ruralurban migration in the developing countries - Essay Example The migration culture in India was initially confined to the lean season for agriculture at many parts of the region till the end of summer. People used to flee to nearby towns and cities for working as daily wage workers at construction sites and other jobs to meet their expenses. They used to return to native villages when the rains arrives and used to spend their time in cultivation. The consistent unstable rains, the famines, the drought have unsettled the farmers resulting in migration to the urban areas. The growing IT and ITES boom with strong real estate drive created opportunities with sufficient work year round with satisfactory income made the rural folks to stay away from their lands. The ever growing cities expanses have swallowed nearby villages which made some wealthier and left with some no land to cultivate who ultimately migrated to cities in search of survival. The low literacy rates in the rural population: The rural population is mostly illiterate due to lack of awareness to educate themselves and concentrating more the physical work they need to perceive in the fields to cultivate. The villages are remotely located at times isolating them from the rest of the world and he developments. The villages had primary schools and at times high schools in major villages. The facilities provided at the schools as not encouraging. Child labour being cheaper than the elder wages and the poverty of the families force every one to work The families send their children for daily labour like every other family member to earn the daily expense when they migrate to towns and cities which does allows the children to perceive their education. The low and specific skill oriented farmers: The farmers in most of the developed countries cultivate with the primitive methods. The cultivation methods were not effective to yield good returns. The crops need more water, and in turn for more water they need electricity to pump ground water. The electricity is more scarce and expensive for already lean farmers. The farmers have only specific skills like cultivation, cattle raring which were said to be unskilled jobs and does not yield at timely regular intervals. The works at urban and metros yield good daily income and the amount of earning will depend on the way he learns the particular job as he gains expertise. The facilities demand-supply gap in urban areas: The huge migrations were not to the two or three tier cities but to the metro which are already crowded. The ever growing demand for basic amenities does not provide a chance for a brief and refined plan but forces for a temporary makeshift which in turn leads to a non uniform town or city planning. The below par basic amenities like water, electricity and housing: The urban authorities are pressurized by the ever growing demand that might hinder the authorities to provide the requisite facilities. Reference: Impact of the rural urban migration on the sustainability of the cities, 7 May, 2004, available at http://www.wscsd.org/ejournal/article.php3id_article=109 Making India world skill capital, Education must cater to the need of the industry, 30October,2004, available at

American economics history exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American economics history exam - Assignment Example The action of Federal Reserve to raise interest rates hoping to slow the rapid rise in stock prices depressed interest-sensitive spending in institutions such as automobile purchases and construction. In addition, it resulted to the crash of the stock market, thus reducing the American aggregate demand substantially. The U.S. government has centralized great power and responsibility in one institution, which is the Federal Reserve in making significant decisions in relation to the economy. The significance of having a well-defined and secure property rights as it gives people the exclusive right of using their resources as they see fit (James 16). The fact that individuals are the dominion of their property, they take full account of the entire costs and benefits of employing those resources in a specific manner. The process in which they weigh costs and benefits produces efficient outcomes; therefore, translating into more prominent standards of living. However, in the last decades, during the history of modern economics, economists did not see the importance of property rights. Property rights impact the efficiency of resource allocation whereby the limit expropriation and facilitate market transactions. Moreover, they enhance investment incentives by limiting expropriation risk and reducing motive of diverting private resources in order to protect property. For an instant in U.S., the government has developed policies that protect the individuals’ property r ights in order for these individuals to trade in assets and improve collateralization of those assets. In the American history, between 1870’s to 1930’s, there were battles on business property because the judiciary saw that it was necessary to protect the general welfare (James 17). The problems with the Articles of Confederation were that the Articles were not precisely accurate or exact in an absolute sense. It is in the sense that when the Articles are viewed in a

Cold War - Arms Race Between US and USSR Which Lead to the Fall of Research Paper

Cold War - Arms Race Between US and USSR Which Lead to the Fall of USSR - Research Paper Example Both sides directed huge sum of money to the military budget with each side trying to outdo the other. History of the cold war The relations gap between United States and Soviet Union were widened up by differences in economic and political ideologies. As a result, each country started suspecting the other as fears of attacks rose to greater heights. These differences prevented them from coming into a mutual understanding an aspect that could have reduced the rivalry. Some of the key policies that widened this rivalry were for example, the case of Cuban missile crisis. In addition, immediately after World War II United States had monopolized knowledge concerning the raw materials that were required to develop nuclear weapons. United States thought that owning nuclear weapons would draw concessions and fear from USSR but, this was not the case. Soviet Union started by trying to match the weapons through working on the atomic bomb silently. A steady supply of uranium from Eastern Europ e provided hope to the Soviet Union. Although the project was so expensive for the country, they succeeded in making an atomic bomb. In mid 1950’s, Soviet Union detonated the first bomb in 1949 an aspect that caught the world unaware (Phillips, 2010). Arms race Decision by United States to drop nuclear bombs in Japan in 1945 signalled the starting of the cold war. This move also triggered main aspects of the cold war. A tense moment followed with both superpower being silent to each other in terms of arms up to 1949 when USSR tested its nuclear bomb that was known as ‘Joe one’. The weapon matched ‘Fat man’ which was dropped by United States in Japan. Once each country realized that their weapon power matched, they started funding research that was directed towards making stronger nuclear weapons that were of mass destruction. This resulted to increased quantities and quality of nuclear arsenals. The move saw both countries starting to develop a hydro gen bomb. United States was the first to detonate a hydrogen bomb in 1952. Following this move, Soviet Union intensified their effort to develop a more powerful nuclear bomb. In august 1953, the Soviet Union surprised the whole world by detonating a thermonuclear device despite not being a hydrogen bomb as many were expecting. Furthermore, in 1955, the Soviet Union exploded a hydrogen bomb an aspect that ended speculation that the country was working on hydrogen bomb (Ringer, 2005, p.67). The next major development followed in 1957 when USSR launched the first satellite that was called ‘sputnik’. This was the largest satellite that the world had seen before. In addition, it developed long range inter- continental ballistic missiles. These missiles were regarded as more advanced platform of nuclear weapons and that they were more effective system to deliver in comparison to strategic bombers that was initially used at the starting of the cold war. The soviet union were t herefore, able to proof to the world that they had the ability to launch a missile to any part of the world after they launched Sputnik in earth orbit. Following this incident, each country started concentrating on advancing the level of technology that was used to develop nuclear weapons. Although United States was developing missiles, it kept it a secret up to 1958 when it announced that it possesses missiles. This was after a public outcry that the country must rapidly build up its block of ICBM’

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 149

Assignment Example d that there exists several success along with critical issues pertaining to ERP implementation that acts as strong determinants for effective operation of the system. Correspondingly, those organizations willing to implement ERP system within its supply chain are required to combine skills, experience and know-how along with meeting the financial requirements. With respect to ERP system implementation in Nike, it was observed that the system failed to deliver the expected outcome (Nicolo, 2012; Wong et al., 2005) It was later observed that various factors contributed towards the failure and the degraded quality of the overall ERP system. Among the myriad factors responsible for low quality ERP system, one of the major aspects was particularly due to high rate of project team turnovers. Besides, it was also ascertained that consultant responsible for providing professional level advice to project team members relatively had low experience that resulted in ineffective communication of project goals during all phases of project management. In addition, poor quality training provided to personnel engaged in the project along with inadequate knowledge sharing amid the project team members, were also ascertained to have an adverse impact on the quality of effectiveness of new ERP system within Nike. Project managers involved in the project were not able to execute substantial control over the project management and to minimize the level of risks that arose during the course of ERP implementation. The insufficient financial resources provided by the top management within the organization also contributed towards the reduced quality of the ERP system. The project schedules were also extremely tight that forced to conduct the implementation activities in rush and eventually influencing the quality of the project outcome. The users within the organization also reveal certain degree of resistance and its impact was later visible in terms of poor quality of the ERP system

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Assisted suicide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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2. Individual Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

2. Individual Report - Coursework Example With its advanced technology it is used by many consumers since it fits their needs. Moreover, the report gives a clear view of how the Sony products make an impact in the market, the strategy that can make Sony more lucrative, the brand loyalty of the camera and the importance of customer satisfaction. The main aim of the report is to understand the Sony camera as a brand and the consumer fulfilment with its products. Understanding of the product gives better decision making for both the company and the users of its products. Therefore, the report’s aim is to deduce the value of both the camera’s impact as a brand and the approval by its users There are several objectives in this report that span from defining Sony camera brand, making a strategy for Sony camera, research the brand loyalty, analysis and evaluation of Sony camera brand equity and importance of customer satisfaction. To amaze its customers, Sony merges the excellent knowledge with its innovative technology. Sony is known for producing great audio-visual technology by its virtue of leading edge technology. Sony has always maintained its vision through offering modern technology and digital concepts while working together with the consumers. By doing so, the company stands to sell excellence to its users. Moreover, their consistency and dedication toward service moves the company closer to the customers. The company boasts the only camera without a mirror-less system. The superior nature of the company in audio- visual technology gives the company a better edge in the market. The production of this type of mirror-less camera opens a new dawn for camera technology having being a dream in the preceding years. Despite the fact that Sony has built its name in the entire electronics industry, their camera house is a home to a range of cameras. Moreover, the company is recognised for its reliability

Le Corbusier, Cubism and Social Connections to Picasso and Gertrude Research Paper

Le Corbusier, Cubism and Social Connections to Picasso and Gertrude Stein - Research Paper Example Like all complex works of art, his life too is seemingly contradicting and open to multiple interpretations. If Picasso shocked the world of painting by departing from the practice of imitating nature, Le Corbusier took the revolution a step ahead with his ideal notions about the advent of machine age and his stark depiction of the precision and sharpness which the machine age represented. It comes as no surprise that these two icons of the artistic world met and were influenced by each other’s ideas. On the contrary, the interactions between Le Corbusier and the American writer, Gertrude Stein were not all too pleasant thanks to their differences of opinion. However, despite their personal differences, it remains undisputable that these interactions influenced Le Corbusier in more ways than one. The first encounter of Corbusier with Picasso probably happened in the early 1920s before he bought Picasso’s The Bottle of Rum in a sale held in Paris. His view of this work a s an arrangement of planes supported by verticals was probably the first architectural interpretation of the work. During later phases of his life as an architect, Corbusier also translated and extended the depiction of volumes in Picasso’s cubist works into buildings displaying his respect for Picasso. However, much before Corbusier bought The Bottle of Rum, he had written to Picasso on numerous occasions. Apparently, Picasso too had shown some interest towards the maverick architect thanks to his occasional ventures into the architectural domain. Following Picasso’s success in using the void to represent a solid, Corbusier added the spatial element to modern architecture using elements such as a half-transparent, curved wall. This was the time when the cultural preferences of artists underwent a drastic change thanks to the widespread impact of the First World War. Picasso, along with his fellow supporters of Cubism like Braque, abandoned the art form to return to th e more traditional practices of neoclassicism. Futurism, which was used as a medium to adulate the machinery, violence and the war, was rejected by the strongest of its supporters. Corbusier, on the other hand was spending the wartime away from Paris in the seclusion of the La-Chaux-de-Fonds Art school. While teaching in this school, he also worked on employing the modernist techniques in architecture. During this period, he also completed designing the ‘Domino’ House project. The open floor plan comprising of slender, reinforced concrete columns and the interconnecting stairways would be a permanent feature of all his future works (Moos 2009). Having considered himself as primarily being a painter before being an architect, Le Corbusier understood the relationship between architecture, painting and sculpture. Since he believed that architecture should be used to signify the increasing industrialization and resolve social problems, he experimented on new ways of unifyin g painting and sculpture with architecture. However, in doing so, he did not compromise on the autonomous statuses of each of these forms (Cohen 2005). Now, being a painter himself, he was heavily influenced by Cubism which rejected the age old practices of imitating nature and was being used by painters such as Picasso and Braque for portraying multiple perspectives in their paintings and adding a realistic spirit to the paintings. Having begun among a group of painters, Cubism had also spread to different mediums such as literature and sculpture. Gertrude Stein, the celebrated American author had incorporated Cubist techniques in several of her works such as ‘

HIV Patients Should Have Equal Access to Kidney Transplantation Essay Example for Free

HIV Patients Should Have Equal Access to Kidney Transplantation Essay HIV infection may be obtained by patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT) through blood transfusions, renal allograft, sexual contacts, or needle sharing of drug addicts. Viral infection or HIV-associated nephropathy can cause renal failure. In the early 1980’s, prognosis of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was very low, and survival rate of HIV-infected individuals with ESRD was miserable. Accordingly, several people even doubted the worth of providing continuance dialysis to patients with AIDS. Due to progress in diagnostic techniques in serologic and viral markers of disease, and use of extremely efficient antiretroviral agents, the prognosis of HIV-positive individuals has radically improved. Today, skills and knowledge in hemodialysis are effective modes of therapy and many centers, though some are reluctant, are now starting to practice renal transplantation in HIV-infected patients. Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV infects CD4+ T cells, making the immune system weak as these cells malfunctions. Abnormal activation ofCD8= T cells may contribute to the loss of both CD4+ AND CD8+ T cells through apoptosis, which may represent a major cause of infected and non-infected cell death in HIV infection. Many HIV-infected individuals proliferative responses to recall antigens, irradiated stimulator peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy, unrelated donors, or T cell mitogens (Roland Stock, 2003). HIV infection can worsen existing renal disease and can trigger pathologically distinct disease named HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), a focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) associated with severe cystic tubular lesions, leading to chronic renal failure. Renal syndromes include: fluid and electrolyte malfunction, proteinuria, nephrotic disease, progressive azotemia, inflamed kidneys, and fast succession to end stage renal disease (ESRD). HIV-infected patients who developed renal disease have short survival span. Transplantation process may increase the risk of HIV-infected patients in accelerating the depletion and dysfunction of their CD4+ T cells, which may further result in the development of more serious and complicated disease, such as AIDS, making HIV replication harder to control. On the other hand, immunosuppression might reverse the immuno-pathology associated with HIV disease (Roland Stock, 2003). End Stage Renal Disease  When the kidney totally lost its ability to filter waste from the circulatory system, renal failure finally meet the end stage renal disease or ESRD, the final stage of nephropathy or the premeditated degeneration of the kidneys. In 1998, over eighty-six thousand patients received therapy for treating ESRD in the United States. Autonomously, Medicare expenditures rose to 12. 9 billion dollars from 12 billion in 1998. The total cost of ESRD program through medicare was 17. 9 billion and is now projected to be 28. 3 billion dollars by 2010 (Winsett et al, 2002). The most common causes of ESRD include diabetic nephropathy, systemic arteral hypertension, glomerulonephrities, and polycystic kidney disease. In the case of ESRD, GFR declines to less than 10mL/min/m2, once it declines to that level, the normal hemeostatic function of the kidneys can not be sustained anymore. Whatever the cause, if untreated, ESRD may cause severe infection and even death to the patient. When the kidney function decline to less than twelve percent to fifteen percent, the patient survival will depend on the kidney transplantation and the therapies associated to it (Winsett et al, 2002). Chronic Dialysis versus Kidney Transplantation According to the New England Journal of Medicine (1999), transplantation is superior in saving life than long-term dialysis. The mortality rates were analyzed among over 200, 000 patients who underwent dialyses for ESRD and only twenty-three thousand received a kidney. Based on the research, patients who undergo transplantation live twice more than the projected years of life of patients who remained on the waitlist having dialysis. A successful transplantation improves the quality of life and lessens the mortality rate for many patients. Moreover, it consumes less time and energy. However, this procedure may cause bleeding, damage, and infection to other organs inside the body, even death can occur. That is why after transplantation, patients must undergo immunosuppression process for a lifetime period to monitor signs of rejection (Berns, 2007). Despite the greater risks, when it comes to quality and length of life, a transplanted kidney is more preferred. It’s man over machine. Statistics Over ten thousand kidney transplantations are being performed each year on patients with ESRD. Records show that patients who undergo kidney transplantation live longer than those who are just taking dialysis; but eight to nine patients on the waitlist die every day due to scarcity of organs to be used in the transplantation. Cadaveric kidney supply has an average of more than two years to come, and only 15-20 % of patients in the list were granted to receive them. The condition of renal failure and what causes them have direct effects on the transplantation rates of patients. Individuals with cystic kidney disease (25. 5%), obstructive nephropathy (24. 9%), and glomerulonephrities (23. 2%) have the utmost successful transplantation rate while patients having diabetes (13. 3%) and hypertension (8. 5%) have the lowest rates (Wallace, 1998). Why transplantation should be considered in HIV-infected patients? Organ malfunction has been the principal grounds of morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients, AIDS-related complication is only secondary. Before, immunosuppression was thought to be an unconditional contraindication in the circumstance of HIV infection, now, it is gradually more valued that immune activation is a major aspect of HIV pathogenesis. Consequently, immunosuppression has advantageous effects in people with HIV infection through temperance of immune activation or reduction of HIV reservoirs. Some specific immunosuppressant agents also have antiviral properties or interact synergistically with certain antiretroviral agents (Roland Stock, 2003). Reasons for reluctance of performing Kidney Transplantation for HIV-infected patients: In a survey conducted to 248 renal transplant centers in The U. S. in 1998, 148 requires HIV testing of prospective kidney recipients and that the vast majority denies patients with HIV to undergo transplantation. Most centers believe that transplantation is not suitable for HIV-infected patients (Spital A. , 1998). Before, chronic dialysis was the only option for treating ESRD of HIV-infected patients for fear of increased morbidity and mortality due to therapeutic immunosuppression. The allocation of cadaver kidneys to these patients was also considered improper due to expected inferior patient graft survival (Anil Kumar et al. , 2005). Also, according to the research led by Professor Andrew Grulich from the University of the New South Wales’ National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Search (NCHECR), immune deficiency is responsible for the increased risk of contracting several types of cancer than the general population. HIV patients are eleven times more expected to develop Hodgkin’s lymphoma while there is almost four times the risk for those who had transplants (Staff Writers, 2007). Professor Grulich further proposed that people’s immune system must be maintained at a higher level through the use of anti-retroviral drugs. The main historical exclusion of HIV-infected patients with ESRD was rooted in the coherent basis that immunosuppression necessary for organ transplantation would aggravate an already immunocompromised state. Although there were numerous initial reports signifying worse outcomes after solid organ transplantation in HIV seropositive recipients, there have been reports as well suggesting there were no unpleasant effects of HIV infection on allograft survival (University of California, 2007). Indeed, there have been two reports of HIV-infected patients going through liver or renal transplantation who demonstrated normal graft function for at least eight years following the transplant. The HIV status of the two was unknown at the time of transplantation; therefore no endeavors were prepared to adjust immunosuppressive therapy. The distinction in these studies may recount to differences in the time of HIV acquisition, with those of longstanding HIV infection prior to transplantation having a faster end relative to those who acquired HIV infection at the time of transplantation. Regardless of standard cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive treatments, there was no proof of OI or progression to AIDS in the first eight years following transplantation (Roland Stock, 2003). There are multiple other reports of patients with HIV who had gone through transplantation and demonstrated long-term graft survival in the presence of immunosuppression with variable rates of developing AIDS or death. Six of eleven renal allografts were functioning at a mean follow-up of thirty-one months (Roland Stock, 2003). Effects of Immunosuppressant Agents In order to avoid rejection reaction of the body against transplanted organs, immunosuppressant drugs are being taken to block the immune system from attacking the transplanted organ and preserving its function. As side effect, these drugs can help in HIV progress to AIDS. However, recent studies show that these drugs can also contribute in the reduction of HIV. Inactive T lymphocytes serve as a vital reservoir for HIV regardless of HAART. Immunosuppression may affect the reservoir of HIV-infected cell that persist throughout HAART through reduction of cell-associated HIV by either direct inhibition of viral replication, potentiation of HAART effects, or exhaustion of infected cells and lessening in the accessibility of permissive target cells by preventing T-cell activation. Otherwise, improvement in viral reservoirs can be caused by reduced immune management of HIV-expressing cells (Roland Stock, 2003). Ethical and Medical Issues Organ shortage is one of the ethical issues in organ transplantation. One distributive fairness criteria is equal access which include length of time waiting (first come, first saved basis), and age (youngest to oldest). The supporters of this criteria has a strong belief that since kidney transplantation can save live, it is an important remedial practice and worth offering to anyone who needs it (Center for Bioethics, 2004). The second type is the maximum benefit, aiming to maximize the quantity of successful transplants. The maximum benefit criteria include medical need (the sickest people are being prioritized for a transplantable organ), and probable success of a transplant (giving organs to the person who will be most likely to live the longest). People who support the maximum benefit philosophy aspire to avoid the wasting of organs, which are quite scarce, so that the greatest benefit is derived from every available organ (Center for Bioethics, 2004). During the Pre-HAART era, HIV-infected patients have a very poor prognosis, many people believes that it would be a waste to use the limited supply of organ to those group of patients that is why many transplant centers are reluctant to practice the transplantation. However, now that the HAART has been launched and the mortality and morbidity rate has been decreasing, it would be unethical to withhold this option in the absence of evidence that it is either unsafe or ineffective. Advancement in HIV Therapy: HAART era Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has been the primary improvement in the treatment of HIV-infected patients in the previous decade. Numerous studies and observations had proven that advantageous outcomes of HAART also include improvement of HIV-related renal complications. Virologic and histologic evidences imply that HIVAN perhaps the result of HIV-1 reproduction in the kidney. The potential relation of HIVAN with HIV-1 replication in the kidney is associated with epidemiologic and medical records showing that HAART may improve HIVAN. On the other hand, from nephrologist’s perspective, one effect of this achievement has been the emergence of new kidney diseases related to (1) enhanced management of the HIV infection and (2) the prospective nephroxicity of antiretroviral treatments. According to the studies of MD Roland and Stock, medical tests have confirmed apparent survival benefits linked with the use of protease inhibitor (PI)-containing or non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptate inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing regimens (HAART). Epidemiologic statistics show reduced mortality, hospitalization rates, and opportunistic infection (OI) incidence associated with HAART. There have been vivid decline in new AIDS-related OIs, the majority of which are now occurring in people with low CD4+ T cell counts and those who are not receiving medical care (University of California, 2007). Epidemiologic and modeling information sustain the clinical trial efficacy data, signifying that HAART has a considerable effect on medical result (Roland Stock, 2003). Survival Rate Using the United States Kidney Data System (USRDS) data, the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology analyzed and studied these inputs to find out whether recipient HIV serologic status remains the primary factor in graft and patient survival in modern clinical transplantation. Ninety-five percent of the HIV-infected patients survived after transplantation and only 4. 3% died. Although in the earlier USRDS studies of kidney recipients before the introduction of HAART, the results showed that HIV-infected recipients had a survival of eighty-three percent while the uninfected patients have eighty-eight percent survival rates. While endurance records of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients is almost the same, selection bias may have occurred, prioritizing the healthier patients than HIV-infected individuals. Also, in the studies of MD Roland, data showed that graft survival and rejection rates of HIV-infected patients who had gone through transplantation were similar to those HIV-negative patients (Roland Stock, 2003). Studies and Observations Methods. This study aims to observe safety and success of kidney transplantation, and learn the effects of immunosuppressant treatments on HIV infection, with the approval of the Institutional evaluation board of two universities: the Drexel University College of Medicine and Hahnemann University Hospital. Forty-five recipients with HIV infection from February 2001 to January 2004 were observed. Patient inclusion criteria were maintenance of HAART, plasma HIV-1 RNA of 400 copies per milliliter, absolute CD4 counts of at least 200 cells per micro liter. Immunosuppressant treatment includes the use of basiliximab stimulation and maintenance with cyclosporine, sirolimus, and steroids while HAART was still being applied after the transplant. Biopsy detected acute rejection; methylprednisolone was used as a treatment. Every after twelve months, surveillance biopsies are being done and evaluations include testing for subclinical acute rejection, chronic allograft nephropathy, and HIVAN (Anil Kumar et al. 2005). Results. The results demonstrated that patients with HIV infection who maintained HAART are capable of increasing an immune reaction, as proven by twenty-five percent rejection rate, signifying allograft reactivity is preserved and that no immunosuppression will lead to allograft rejection. The data showed that the combination of HAART and low-dose immunosuppressant drugs is not associated with serious adverse effects (Anil Kumar et al, 2005). The records show one- and two-year patient survival rate of eighty-five percent and eighty-two percent respectively, in comparison to the reported fifty-eight percent and forty-one percent survival of patients on dialysis. The United States Renal Data System accounted a one-year death rate of 32. 7% in HIV patients uphold on dialysis. The graft survival in this series of HIV-infected recipients is comparable to the UNOS data on non-HIV recipients (Anil Kumar et al, 2005). The monitoring of combined immunosuppression and HAART due to major drug interactions needs thorough supervision and synchronized care of transplant professionals, pharmacists, and HIV specialists. The overall result of this study proves that kidney transplantation in selected HIV-positive patients who were maintained on effective HAART is safe and has higher one to two year patient survival compared to dialysis treatment of selected HIV patients. Actual graft survival in HIV recipients is equivalent to other high-risk groups. The patients observed didn’t developed AIDS or opportunistic infection caused by immunosuppressant agents. Therefore, positive HIV status should not be considered a contraindication for kidney transplantation in selected patients. Conclusion Ethical concerns and safety of transplantation and post-transplant immunosuppressant treatment in HIV-positive recipients advances radically in recent years. Due to improvements in morbidity and mortality, the safety of this complicated intervention was further evaluated. The preliminary outcomes are promising. Proper management and control of transplantation team will determine the success of the renal transplantation. Since many advancements and developments regarding the HIV therapy, kidney transplantation is now possible for HIV-infected patients as morbidity and mortality rate keeps on decreasing. Therefore, with all the results of the research studies and observations, there is sufficient evidence that can support the equal access of patients with HIV infection on kidney transplantation.

History and Impact of Additive Manufacturing

History and Impact of Additive Manufacturing In the recent years, technology has been evolving at an exponential rate, due to important breakthroughs in research and development of new ways to produce efficient materials and structures. One of the most important technological step forward was the implementation of the extended use of Additive Manufacturing Machines, also known as 3D Printers. This revolutionary concept of Additive Manufacturing (AM) describes the technologies that build 3D objects by adding layer-upon-layer of material, whether the material is plastic, metal, concrete or maybe one dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. human tissue? The history of AM Manufacturing: The first additive manufacturing equipment and materials were developed by Charles Hull in the early 1980s, and he called the process stereolithography, (Jane Bird 2012). Hull, who has a bachelors degree in engineering physics, was working on making plastic objects from photopolymers at the company Ultra Violet Products in California. Stereolithography uses an .stl file format to interpret the data in a CAD file, allowing these instructions to be communicated electronically to the 3D printer. Along with shape, the instructions in the .stl file may also include information such as the color, texture, and thickness of the object to be printed.( Gross BC, Erkal JL, Lockwood SY, Chen C, Spence DM -2014) By the early 2010s, the terms 3D printing and additive manufacturing evolved senses in which they were alternate umbrella terms for AM technologies, one being used in popular vernacular by consumer maker communities and the media, and the other used officially by industrial AM end use p art producers, AM machine manufacturers, and global technical standards organizations.(Ishengoma, Fredrick R.; Mtaho, Adam B.-2014) Many other companies have since developed 3D printers for commercial applications. Hulls work, as well as advances made by other researchers, has revolutionized manufacturing, and is poised to do the same in many other fields-including medicine. (Gross BC, Erkal JL, Lockwood SY, Chen C, Spence DM -2014) 2. The types of AM Processes Although the term 3D Printing is used as a synonym for all Additive Manufacturing processes, there are actually lots of individual processes which vary in their method of layer manufacturing. Individual processes will differ depending on the material and machine technology used. Hence, in 2010, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) group ASTM F42 Additive Manufacturing, formulated a set of standards that classify the range of Additive Manufacturing processes into 7 categories (Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies -2012). These categories are: VAT Photopolymerisation which refers to using a vat of liquid photopolymer resin, out of which the model is constructed layer by layer; Material Jetting, which is used to create objects in a similar method to a two-dimensional ink jet printer. Material is jetted onto a build platform using either a continuous or Drop on Demand approach; Binder Jetting, which uses two materials; a powder based material and a binder. The binder is usually in liquid form and the build material in powder form. A print head moves horizontally along the x and y axes of the machine and deposits alternating layers of the build material and the binding material. Material Extrusion; Fuse deposition modelling is a common material extrusion process. Material is drawn through a nozzle, where it is heated and is then deposited layer by layer. The nozzle can move horizontally and a platform moves up and down vertically after each new layer is deposited. Inkjet Printing is a noncontact technique that uses thermal, electromagnetic, or piezoelectric technology to deposit tiny droplets of ink (actual ink or other materials) onto a substrate according to digital instructions. Sheet Lamination processes that include ultrasonic additive manufacturing and laminated object manufacturing. Directed Energy Deposition which covers a range of terminology: Laser engineered net shaping, directed light fabrication, direct metal de position, 3D laser cladding It is a more complex printing process commonly used to repair or add additional material to existing components. 3. Description of the way Thermal Inkjet Printing AM Machines work As mentioned above, TIJ printers use a technique that uses thermal, electromagnetic, or piezoelectric technology to deposit tiny droplets of ink (actual ink or other materials) onto a substrate according to digital instructions. In inkjet printing, droplet deposition is usually done by using heat or mechanical compression to eject the ink drops. In TIJ printers, heating the print head creates small air bubbles that collapse, creating pressure pulses that eject ink drops from nozzles in volumes as small as 10 to 150 picolitres. Droplet size can be varied by adjusting the applied temperature gradient, pulse frequency, and ink viscosity. TIJ printers are particularly promising for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Because of their digital precision, control, versatility, and benign effect on mammalian cells, this technology is already being applied to print simple 2D and 3D tissues and organs (also known as bioprinting). (Cui X, Boland T, DLima DD, Lotz MK -2012) 4. The benefits of AM Machines in Medical Industry The strengths of Additive Manufacturing lie in those areas where conventional manufacturing reaches its limitations. The technology is of interest where a new approach to design and manufacturing is required so as to come up with solutions to complex and complicated situations. It enables a design-driven manufacturing process where design determines production and not the other way around. What is more, AM allows for highly complex structures which can still be extremely light and stable, which is a particularly important characteristic for medical bio-engineering. It provides a high degree of design freedom, the optimization and integration of functional features, the manufacture of small batch sizes at reasonable unit costs and a high degree of product customization even in serial production, thus providing the possibility of adapting every AM designed apparatus to every patient needs. (S.V Murphy, A. Atala -2014) For example, 3D printing has been considered as a method of implant ing stem cells capable of generating new tissues and organs in living humans. With their ability to transform into any other kind of cell in the human body, stem cells offer huge potential in 3D bio-printing. (3D Masterminds 7 Ways 3D Printing Is Disrupting the Medical Industry-2015) Many medical devices, such as hearing aids, dental crowns, and surgical implants are relatively small in size and therefore suitable for the production available through common AM systems. According to a new research report from Albany, NY based Transparency Market Research, the global market for 3D printing in medical application was valued $354.5 million in 2012 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.4 percent from 2013 to 2019 to reach $965.5 million by 2019. (Wohlers Associates 2014) 5. Conclusion 3D printing has become a useful and potentially transformative tool in a number of different fields, including medicine. As printer performance, resolution, and available materials have increased, so have the applications. Researchers continue to improve existing medical applications that use 3D printing technology and to explore new ones. The medical advances that have been made using 3D printing are already significant and exciting, but some of the more revolutionary applications, such as organ printing, will need time to evolve, but still, taking into account the way technology evolves today, this kind of application may soon be accessible. 6. References -Jane Bird (2012-08-08). Exploring the 3D printing opportunity. The Financial Times.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   https://www.ft.com/content/6dc11070-d763-11e1-a378-00144feabdc0#axzz24gFn5Cal/ Gross BC, Erkal JL, Lockwood SY, et al. Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences. Anal Chem. 2014;86(7):3240-3253 https://all3dp.com/types-of-3d-printer-technology-explained/ -Ishengoma, Fredrick R.; Mtaho, Adam B. (2014-10-18). 3D Printing: Developing Countries Perspectives. International Journal of Computer Applications. 104 (11): 30-34. arXiv:1410.5349Freely accessible. doi:10.5120/18249-9329. ISSN 0975-8887. -Cui X, Boland T, DLima DD, Lotz MK Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2012 Aug; 6(2):149-55. -3D bioprinting of tissues and organs Sean V Murphy Anthony Atala  © 2014 Nature America -3D Masterminds 7 Ways 3D Printing Is Disrupting the Medical Industry-2015: http://3dmasterminds.com/7-ways-3d-printing-is-disrupting-the-medical-industry/ Wohlers Associates Report 2014 https://wohlersassociates.com/2014report.htm

How Does Celebrity Culture Effect Our Behaviour Cultural Studies Essay

How Does Celebrity Culture Effect Our Behaviour Cultural Studies Essay The significant development of celebrity industry also contributes on those effects. As people see how easy to be or to do something, they will consider it a target to achieve. This is absolutely right with the many ones dream to become celebrities. Furthermore, when the celebrity content becomes daily, it also effects on all of us, especially the young. Their life styles, their behaviorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are often imitated. According to Robert van Krieken (2010) said in his article, celebrity which is usually seen as a frothy and unreal topic is also a measure of how superficial contemporary culture has become. However, the celebrity production industry has never ever significantly developed like it today. Also, there is no signal that the limits of the spread of celebrity culture have been reached (G.Turner, 2010). The continuously operating apparatus of celebrity industry along with the growth of digital media has made them the perfect partners who contribute in the expansion of each other. The production of reality TV shows, the rise of Idol, Master Chef, Australias got Talent and others take us to a point that all television formats are produced depending on exploiting people interest in the chance to become a celebrity (G.Turner 2010). It is the celebrity industry which first creates celebrity through the process called celebritisation (G.Turner 2010). For example, the reality TV shows like Idol that many contestants try to express themselves to be recognised through the performance process. This is one among many TV shows which offer people the opportunity to prove themselves to become famous. That is a very first step of the process of transformation (G.Turner 2010). Then, the expansion of digital media the producers and distributors of content through printed and electronic forms magazines, newspapers, television, and now with the development of the various kinds of on-line media would help the celebrities to hold their fame (G.Turner 2010). Those all contribute in the fact that news of celebrities is now full of magazines, newspaper, internet and other kinds of media. It is obvious that the development and efficiency of the media machine help to create a celebrity easier. That means many peoples dreams now easier to be real. Especially, the growth of the reality TV shows make people have more opportunity to appear on TV. Therefore, there are a lot of celebrities who are production of this type of celebrity production industry. A phenomenon called Susan Boyle is an example. A 47-year-old single woman has been the worldwide star just after only one appearance on TV. She had sung the song I dreamed a dream in the TV show Britains got talent (C.Cadwalladr 2010). Then it was like her dream come true when the video of her performance got more than 100 millions views on YouTube. After that, her first album I Dreamed a Dream sold more copies than any others. The story named Susan Boyle like a fairy tale has spread over the world about a talent woman and how easy to become a celebrity (C.Cadwalladr 2010). Furthermore, if someone is the winner in a show, wi th the support of many kinds of media, he could become a celebrity without doubt. What seems to come next to fame? It is wealthy. Statistics show that actors can be paid nearly $US20 million for making a single film (S.Bunbury 2009). But it is not the only source of their income. They are also paid to appear on advertising or to represent a brand. For many years, Australian celebrities efforts are trying to sell us things like hair replacement, air-conditioning, alcoholic drinks, house-and-land packages and fast food. Sarah Murdoch hustles for undies; Gwyneth Paltrow endorses cosmetics; Celine Dion used to represent a car company, Bruce Willis hawks vodka (C.Middendorp 2010). Hence, they can earn millions of dollar from these advertised campaigns (C.Middendorp 2010). Another example is Kylie Minogue who is a famous singer in Australia. She is also known as actress, childrens book author, underwear designer and perfumer. As a result, her net wealth in 2006 is approximately $55 million, according to James Thomson-the editor of BRWs Entertainer Rich List (D.Ziffer, L .Dubecki 2006). However, the obvious prices that most of them have to pay for the fame are their own privacy. The fact is that the celebrities always use media for their self-promotion. So, some people argue that it is unfair for them when the media reports some thing which they want to keep secret. Nevertheless, other said that celebrities take advantage from media to create the ideal figures of them no matter how inaccurate they are, so it has right to tell the truth (B. Haywood 2004). Therefore, some famous celebrities are always followed by the paparazzi and their privacy is exposed on magazines, newspapers. It is obvious that in a society that is obsessed by media and celebrity culture, celebrities have a great impact on everyone. From fashion trends to life style or political views, peoples behaviours, interests and beliefs are strongly affected by celebrities. Furthermore, these celebrity-culture-obsessions usually begin at an early age, therefore, other than adults, teenagers and children are most impressed. They often think of famous people as role model and try to become those figures (C. Shaffer, 2010). For example, there was a research done by the UK research organisation YouGov in 2005 which surveyed a group 800 of 16-19-year-age young people (Cassidy 2006). It showed that 10% of teenagers would leave school to appear on TV if they had opportunity. Sixteen in 100 of them believed they could find success through celebrity industry. Meanwhile, 9% think being famous is the best way to achieve wealthy without qualifications. The positive affects of celebrities are social and environmental effects. Many environmental topics and issues such as global warming, wildlife animal protectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ could approach the publicity thanks to the celebrities. Tom Hanks, Al Gore, and Leonardo DiCaprio strongly believe in living green lifestyle (C. Shaffer, 2010). These advocacy-celebrities can positively influence people as they would live more eco-friendly and do good thing for environment protection. Furthermore, many celebrities campaigns concerning social issues like charity, helping poor people, HIVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ also have good impacts on people recognition. One example is that Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie had adopted 3 orphans from different countries (Ethiopia, Cambodia and Vietnam). However, the bad effects also be accompanied by the good effects. The public, with so much exposure to celebrities, could strongly be influenced by their behaviour or even misbehaviour. The fact is that people are imitated by the behaviour associating with success and fame. So, that is the reason why they can have impacts on people, especially the young. Meanwhile, young celebrities can easily affect young people. However, two thirds of 1,007 people in a weekend USA Today Poll believe Hollywood stars are no more likely to get into trouble than other young people (K. Thomas, 2007). Paris Hilton and Linsay Lohan are example. Both of them had to go to jail because of using drugs and driving when they got drunk. Other scandals of the young celebrities concerning with sex, drugs, drunk, clubs, partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. are exposed daily on many kinds of media. Hence, the downgrading lifestyles of celebrities are seriously affects on young people in general and the next generation in particu lar. No parents want those bad figures to become their childrens role but they could find no way to get rid of their effects. After the hardest work- choosing topic, I have to determine how I could approach it. I focused on how does celebrity culture affect our behavior, with three objectives: to examine the rising tide celebrity culture on newspapers, magazines, TV and the Internet; to evaluate the cost to be a celebrity; to research the effects of celebrity culture on our behaviour. However, on the process I did the research, I had to change my second objective to to explain why many people want to be celebrities, which seems to be more suitable to my way of approaching the topic. At first, I found it not too hard to meet the deadlines. Because most of my resources for the research project are from Internet, so it was easy for me to collect everything. Then, the hardest and most time-consuming step is to read all of them and classify which articles; journalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are suitable for which objective. Unfortunately, I was sick and absent 3 days from school, so, I could not hand in the second objective on time. Therefore, I did really hard to catch up with other friends and the deadlines also. From this part, I have learnt a lot about time management: to arrange work, to do the schedule, to catch upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I think this very important for my future study in university. Also, this is the first time I write the reference list, so I found it is quite difficult. I had to do it many times and asked the teacher to make sure that I was on the right way. Thanks to him, I could finally finish it. Now I feel more confidence to write the reference list next time. To sum up, I have learnt many new things when doing this research project. They are not only academic, but also social and communicational skills: to do the oral presentation, to manage time, to arrange work, to write a report, to do a bibliography, to overcome unexpected problemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Those skills are always important in both my study and my life in future.

Rock Bands Essay -- essays research papers

There have been all kinds of different types of rock bands throughout the years. Most of the bands have had a different type of style. All of these different types of style are what has shaped today’s music. Some of the bands from the earlier times were: The Beatles, AC/DC, Guns and Roses and the Bee Gees. The Beatles were the greatest and most powerful act of the rock era. They introduced more innovations into popular music than any other rock band of the 20th century. The Beatles grabbed a hold of the attention in 1964 and never let go for the next six years. The Beatles were the first British rock group to achieve worldwide prominence. The Beatles knew each other and had already been playing together in Liverpool for about five years before they had begun having hit records. As composers, their craft and melodic inventive were the best. As singers, both John Lennon and Paul McCartney were among the best and most expressive vocalists in rock and as performers they were exciting and photogenic. Guitarist and teenage rebel John Lennon got hooked on rock and roll in the mid fifties and formed a band called the Quarrymen at his high school. Around 1957, the Quarrymen were joined by another guitarist, Paul McCartney. Soon another guitarist, George Harrison, joined them. The quarrymen chan ged people throughout the 50’s eventually reducing to the three core guitarist who had proven themselves. The Quarrymen changed their name to the â€Å"Silver Beatles† but soon dropped the â€Å"Silver† to become just â€Å"The Beatles†. Lennon’s art college friend, Stuart Sutcliffe, joined the band on bass. Finding a permanent drummer was hard until in the summer of 1960, Pete Best joined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The group was forced to expand its repertoire, tighten up its chops, and invest its show with enough manic energy to keep its rowdy crowds satisfied. Sutcliffe soon quit and McCartney took over on the bass. Harrison settled in as lead guitarist and Lennon had rhythm guitar. In the middle of the 1961 the Beatles made their first recordings in Germany. The Hamburg Stint was notable for gaining the Beatles sophisticated, artistic fans. In 1961, the Beatles exploding popularity caught the attention of a local record store owner Brian Epstein, who soon became the bands manager. In 1962, Sutcliffe tragically died from a brain hemorrhage. The Beatles were signed by Martin in the m... ...comber Nightclub. They eventually got their own local television show in Brisbane. Some time after that they took on the name the Bee Gees. In 1962, they landed their first recording contract with the Festival Records label in Australia, debuting with the single Three Kisses of Love. Their first English recording New York Mining Disaster 1941 was released in mid-1967, it made the top 20. The Bee Gees single Massachusetts was a chart topper in England and launched the group on their first wave of stardom. In 1981, the groups new LP, Living Eyes, was recorded but didn’t even make the Top 40. The Bee Gees remained active until the death of Maurice in January of 2003. He died from cardiac arrest at age 53. Soon, Robin and Barry decided to quit performing as the Bee Gees. Some of the bands from the earlier times were: The Beatles, AC/DC, Guns and Roses and The Bee Gees. All of these bands had a certain style which helped shape today’s music. Some of the bands used their bad reputation to help sell their music, when some used the cooler, preppy boy kind of style. However, it seems that all of the bands no matter what the reputation were, good or bad, it grabbed all types of audiences.

Comparing Clive Cusslers Sahara and Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing Clive Cussler's Sahara and Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe The theme that will be explored in this essay will be survival   when times get tough, physically, mentally. The two books that will be involved in the discussion will be Clive Cussler's Sahara and Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.   In both cases the leading characters show signs of breaking down and quitting because of physical, but also their mental stress.   Robinson Crusoe, and Sahara relate in many ways, as do the main characters, and will be two good books to compare the survival of both Dirk Pitt and Robinson Crusoe. The three criteria that will be talked about in this essay will be the survival physically. Did both characters have hard times to pull out of ? . The next type of survival is   mental survival, it comes a close second to physical survival and both characters show signs also of this type.   With mental survival the physical component must first be stable and accomplished, that is when you can then work your mind into better thoughts and ideas.   The third criteria that will be   looked at is, how the characters were changed at the end of the book looking at it through post-traumatic stress disorder.   Both characters show signs of physical survival and it is believed that physical is the most important type of survival because you must first be physically healthy and strong before you can even walk or talk or think. Mental survival is strongly needed and is required in tough times    Each type of survival is different in it's own way, but first physical stability must be achieved to be able to survive the elements and their challenges to then master the other type of survival such as mental survival.   In Robinson Crusoe the rain is pouring down and the wind is blowing strongly.   Robinson says that this is the strongest, fiercest storm that has ever blown in on him.   He is deathly ill and writes this in his diary.    The ague again so violent that I lay abed all day and neither ate nor drank.   I was ready to perish for thirst but so weak I had not strength to stand up or to get myself any water to drink.   (Defoe 96) Dirk Pitt also had some rough times in the book Sahara.   Crawling in the desert, he has had nothing to drink or eat days, or for days to come. This is what he remembers from that dreary day on dusty desert floor. Pitt found it odd that he couldn't remember when he last spit.   Though he sucked on small pebbles to relieve the relentless thirst, he could

Kindergarten in Turkey :: Education

Living conditions, which are very poor in Turkey, affect the contentment of the people significantly. Hence, many women who have any children have to work to help family budget and for live in more comfort. Today, working outside is a fashion for women it gives women an economic liberty and respect. That is good for them however, from the side of many young children that is bad because they have to go kindergartens when their mothers go to work. Nowadays, the number of children who go to kindergartens is increasing rapidly. Unfortunately, many of them are growing up without their mother’s love. So sending children to kindergartens causes some problems which are so important like missing or hating mother and home, being a stressful person in early ages and so on. The major cause of hating mother is spending all childhood in nurseries. Today, we can see in news many teenagers are killing their mothers due to lack of mothers’ love. Their mothers are a normal person for them however we cannot deny that mothers are holly existences for us. So if there is not a necessity, women should not work outside or else, they should look after their children after the work. The other equally significant point is being a stressful person in the future life. Many scientists believe that living in a routine reason for stress. Moreover, in kindergarten children are getting used to a routine life. Therefore these young children meet stress in their early ages and they will more stressful people in their future lives because in nursery there is a hard and well disciplined education. In contrast to these many people claim that kindergartens make children more social in the society. However these claimants do not know that kindergartens cannot give a real parent’s love so if children do not have real love, they will not love their children so this will continue and love between children and parents will be end.

Maggi Brand Consumer Behaviour Research Essay

Well the history of this brand traces back to the 19th century when industrial revolution in Switzerland created factory jobs for women, who were therefore left with very little time to prepare meals. Due to this growing problem Swiss Public Welfare Society asked a miller named Julius Maggi to create a vegetable food product that would be quick to prepare and easy to digest. Julius, the son of an Italian immigrant came up with a formula to bring added taste to meals in 1863. Soon after he was commissioned by the Swiss Public Welfare Society, he came up with two instant pea soups & a bean soup- the first launch of Maggi brand of instant foods in 1882-83. Towards the end of the century, Maggi company was producing not just powdered soups, but bouillon cubes, sauces and other flavorings. However in India(the largest consumer of Maggi noodles in the world! ) it was launched in 1980’s by Nestle group of companies. Maggie had merged with Nestle(This company too has a very interesting history which I will discuss in some other review! ) family in 1947. When launched it had to face a stiff competition from the ready to eat snack segments like biscuits, wafers etc. Also it had other competitor the so called ’home made’ snacks which are till today considered healthy and hygienic. Hence to capture the market it was positioned as a hygienic home made snack, a smart move. But still this didn’t work, as it was targeted towards the wrong target group, the working women. Although the product was developed for this particular purpose. After conducting an extensive research, the firm found that the children were the biggest consumers of Maggi noodles. Quickly a strategy was developed to capture the kids segment with various tools of sales promotion like pencils, fun books, maggi clubs which worked wonders for it. No doubt the ads of maggi have shown a hungry kid saying ’’Mummy bhookh lagi hai’’ to which his mom replies ’’Bas do minute! ’’ and soon he is happily eating Maggie noodles. The company could have easily positioned the product as a meal, but did not, as a study had shown that Indian mentality did not accept anything other than rice or roti as meal. They made it a easy to cook snack that could be prepared in just two minutes. The formula clicked well & maggi became a brand name. That’s precisely what is required in making a product a brand The brand has grown to an estimated 200 crore & contributes to around 10% of Nestle India’s top line. So next time when you are eating this noodles just remember these facts that have gone on to make Maggi a brand. In the early 1980s India was opening up to the world after three and a half decades of self-existence. Till then, the concept of â€Å"fast food† was practically non-existent. Nestle had already been pipped to the post by Cadbury in the milk chocolate segment and it desperately wanted to create a niche for itself in the high potential Indian market. It was then that it realized that it could be a first-mover in the untapped â€Å"instant food† segment. Several years went by and a lot of money was spent and Maggi Noodles was born. The problems had only just begun. The biggest of them was the Indian psyche of the 80s. The conservatism which India showed in their culture boiled down to their palate also. They would rather stick to their Tandoori Chicken or Idli Sambhar than be a little more adventurous in trying a new taste. Maggi Noodles was a new taste from a new culture. It was then that Maggi Noodles became Maggi Instant Two-Minute Noodles. The whole point was to position Maggi as platform of convenience and soul food for the a fast growing section of the Indian population – the working women. Heavy promotion was done on the same lines. But even this did not work. Sales were good but not as good as they wanted it to be. A research was carried out which revealed that the largest consumers of the brand were not the working women but young children in the Indian households. Realizing this, Nestle repositioned their brand using new promotional strategies and smart advertising. Marketing teams were sent out to schools to distribute free Maggi samples to take home. The kids would inevitably take their Maggi packets home and ask their mothers to prepare it for lunch or as a snack. The mothers would find that it took them only two minutes to make a proper hot meal for their children who would love it. They would refer it to their neighbors who would pass it on to distant bachelor cousins who lived alone and had to cook for themselves. Thus, the hugely successful viral campaign ensured that Maggi created a distinct affection in the hearts of its consumers unlike any other proprietary food of its time. But the story was far from over. In 1997, Nissin – the inventor of instant noodles – launched its flagship brand Top Ramen in the Indian market with Shah Rukh Khan – fresh from the success of super hits like Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge – endorsing the brand. It was then that Maggi took its first false step – it changed its taste to align itself with that of Top Ramen’s. The results were disastrous. A generation which had grown up on Maggi could not accept the new taste and would rather give Top Ramen a try. Nestle was fast losing ground to Nissin. It took them two years to work out a new strategy – accept the consumer’s verdict and get back to the basics. In 1999, Maggi relaunched itself with its original taste. It paid off handsomely and the faithfuls returned to their master. Top Ramen could no longer sustain the growth it built up in the two years. The next big hurdle came in 2004. The SARS epidemic of 2003 in South East Asia had led to widespread concerns regarding personal hygiene and health. Mothers were now more concerned regarding what their children were eating and maida in general was always considered to be low on the health aspect. In 2005 Maggi launched Atta Noodles with the tagline â€Å"Taste bhi, health bhi. † Although the advertisements showed Atta Noodles replacing the rotis and chapatis, this was never Maggi’s intention. It knew that thinking about that objective was a far cry and the main purpose was to convince mothers that their children was eating the right thing. In this sense, it scored over the Licia and Bambino semolina-based Macaroni products, which, though being an healthier alternative to Maggi, always tried to position themselves as a substitute for wheat based items of daily consumption. Within 10 months, Maggi Atta Noodles was declared a success and now they are foraying further with the â€Å"Taste bhi, Health bhi† campaign with products such as Multi-Grain Noodles. The above examples show that Maggi as a brand knows the customer and is willing to learn from its mistakes. It knows that its USP is convenience to ake and good to eat and it sticks to that without pushing the envelope further in its campaigns. It has also leveraged its success to other food products – the most notable of which is the Maggi ketchup which has garnered a market leader position of about 45% largely thanks to the Maggi brand and its positioning as a â€Å"Different† product ( Remember the tagline – Its different! ). The savior of many students (and especially the ones staying in hostels), there is little doubt as to why many regard Maggi as the greatest invention since the wheel.

Cultural Relevance of Artwork Essay

The really spirit of an cunningificework the Great Compromiser in the beat it was passd. on that point is no better way to prise artistic production than to understand its situational setting, that is, the space and clip of its creation. Works of art are wish well photographs taken in a feature(prenominal) time and frame.In this paper we search the situational context of three works of art (1) Produced in the late 17th coke, nuptials of bloody shame and Joseph is Peruvian picture show (2) Pierre-Auguste Renoirs Acrobats At The cirque Fernando (1879) shows both schoolboyish genus Parisian young ladys and (3) come in of a produce retentiveness a pip-squeak, created in the ordinal century by an unknown Lulua mechanic (See Appendix). All three pieces of art advertise interesting, unique floors ab reveal their makers and the conditions of their propagation.Whats more than, layers upon layers of benignant thought with with(predicate) different times and places of hu part register may be un acresed by means of this run of art appreciation. Our de manage understanding of historical societies and nuances must excessively exploit the process of interpreting a work of art. After all, wiz savant may con situationr a motion-picture show with the look of a sociologist in our time, epoch a nonher may be a trained psychologist. Such designations did not live before now. Regardless of how an artwork is interpret and with what lens and in which frame it is looked through works of art stay animated as we glean historical entropy through them.As the following portion on nuptials of bloody shame and Joseph shows, it is come-at-able to develop various interpretations roughly the time and place of an operative withal if researched historical information is in that respect to assist us in our interpretation. wedlock of Mary and Joseph Produced by an unknown artist, conjoin of Mary and Joseph is an embrocate film on canvas, depicting the bitstock live onting married before the towering priest who is clothed in a richly flower-patterned hooded mantle (Wedding of Mary and Joseph). There are clergy custody assisting the high priest. Joseph is carrying his lag which has flowers at the top.Moreover, both the bride and stableman thrust halcyonen halos. Ann, the m new(prenominal) of Mary stands proper(ip) tail the bride. By Anns side is a wooer of Mary who has been jilted by Gods command. The suitor is shown breaking his staff, which has not flowered desire the staff of Joseph (Wedding of Mary and Joseph). The pictorial matter is enriched by gold stamping, which unifies the com place (Wedding of Mary and Joseph). There are Peruvian flowers scattered on the ground where Mary and Joseph stand. This transfers the scene of the Bible from the Holy landed estate to Peru (Wedding of Mary and Joseph).Furthermore, it describes an important drift in Peruvian art chronicle by the name of Cusco School (Bennett). Indeed, this depiction accompanies a very important percentage point in Peruvian history. Spanish colony had not only managed to transfer the Spanish chase to the Spanish territories most the globe, scarcely also brought European art into Peru (Bennett). The Spanish Inquisition had claimed m either lives in Europe. In Peru, the Inquisition had centered on the stripping of great deal who were Jews by birth, but had claimed to deport converted to Christianity. These mass were suspected to pick up gone back from Catholicism to Judaism.Thus, the Peruvian Inquisition was ab give away punishing the Jews or converted Catholics for apostasy (Lea). The Peruvian Inquisition had taken place in the s notwithstandingteenth century. Seeing that the sociopolitical environment of Peru revolved almost spiritual affairs at the time, it is not surprising that the Christian, Peruvian artists started a re lightful art faecal matter the Cusco School to create religious art in particular (Bennett). As a matter of fact, the Wedding of Mary and Joseph is a perfect exemplar of Cusco art. The Cusco School happens to be the largest movement of art in the Peruvian art history.The movement was represented by mestizo paroxysmters and sculptors who produced multitudinous depictions of religious figures adorned in gold (Bennett). The Spanish colonizers had used religious art to t apiece Christianity to the New World. Subsequently, the native artists of Peru had begun to intermix European art with their local demeanor and tradition (Bennett). So, while the figures of Mary and Joseph in the Peruvian painting reveal European, Christian influence on the Peruvian artist the flowers and long tailed birds of Peru scattered on the ground show that the artist continues to manage his land disrespect colonization.The golden halos of the bride and the bridegroom are, of course, the signature of the Cusco School. Hence, the painting, Wedding of Mary and Joseph, r eveals itself as an excellent tool to understand the culture of Peru with respect to Spanish colonization. By discovering more about the conditions of the artists time, history of the Americas may also be canvas in great depth. Moreover, this painting helps viewers to appreciate how artists are influenced by their environments and the times. Acrobats At The Cirque FernandoProduced in another place and time altogether, renowned Parisian painter, Pierre-Auguste Renoirs Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando (1879) shows two really girls, most likely among twelve and fifteen years of age, taking turns to action their act at the circus (Mancoff). The facial nerve and bodily reflexions of the girls and their onlookers are decipherable to both fall of interpretations. One of the young girls is carrying balls around her chest while the other is communicating with the audience as part of her act. The girl who is communicating with the audience has a questioning, necessitous expression o n her face.The one who is carrying balls is by chance waiting for her turn to perform. She, too, is innocent and fresh in show upance as the other. However, she seems to be dwelling on her new experiences of semi-adulthood. peradventure she is musing on the boys in her living the young men who admire her very much. The audience depicted in the painting, behind the bodies of the two young girls, appears to consist of men alone after all. The men appear like judges, in their black coats, well-favored them the semblance of uniformed officers.Only one of the men has his face visible through the painting, and the face is leaden enough for the girls to endanger their sinlessness in all its laurels with the assumption that the counterpart of a sour and doubtful attitude must be softness. Although the girl carrying the balls has her back turned toward the hard set about man, she knows that she too would baffle to perform. The expressions of the manly and the charishs in Ren oirs Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando are rather similar to the expressions of the two sexes depicted in legion(predicate) of the artists works of the time.The woman is seen as the adored and innocent quarry that performs, even though the man is hard faced, perhaps weary of the work that he performs to fend for his family day after day. The woman is the amuser, the muse, and the object of entertainment to fend for. After all, she is pulchritudinous (Norfleet). The only beautiful facet of the man is that he is strong in Renoirs paintings, at least. What is more, the man is alship canal sodding(a) at the woman in Renoirs works. He fondles her whenever he has the chance.The woman remains skinny to him this is depicted through the innocence on her face. If she becomes unfaithful she knows that the hard faced man would discontinue supporting her. The cut word for thank you is merci, which, if used in English, perfectly describes the attitude of the woman in late nineteenth century Paris. Although Paris was one of the first places in the western hemisphere where women were generally believed to acquire been liberated, Renoirs painting reveals that the women were definitely not liberated through promiscuity or debauchery.Rather, the urban Parisian women in the late nineteenth century seem to have been given authority by their men to be out and about, entertaining them, while remaining faithful to their innocence as well as their marital vows (Norfleet). As the facial expression of the young girl carrying the balls in Renoirs Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando reveals women understood their position in Parisian society even as they were aware that men and women are equally dependent on each other. Then again, the painting remains open to bodless sociological interpretations. enrol of a have Holding a babe As our analysis of Renoirs painting shows, it is possible to understand the situational context of a painting in any number of ways. Sociologists and histo rians may be more enkindle in discovering the history of society in a block of time. If psychoanalysts were to join in, there would be various intricacies of the valet de chambre head word revealed through artworks. On that note, Figure of a Mother Holding a kid is a very interesting work because there are multiple ways of understanding its import.On one hand, the grave is a perfect depiction of the pain of starvation that the African people have been experiencing for a long time, and that nobody alfresco of Africa has done anything consequential about despite the fact that the entire world discusses it. On the other hand, it represents a ritual that the Lulua phratry of the pop Republic of Congo had exercise for its own survival (Figure of a Mother Holding a squirt). The shape is that of a skinny, African female with an infant in her arms.The womans head is larger than her body. The bone lines on her neck are particularly telling. point so, the bone lines on her neck and the wrinkles on her face had actually been created by the artist to show that the Lulua peoples had used scarification to adorn their bodies (Lulua common people Democratic Republic of Congo Figure of a Mother Holding a shaver). Indeed, it is scarification that adorns the woman carrying the infant. Just the said(prenominal) the viewer is make to feel coloured for the woman and her child because they appear super poor.Made with wood and copper alloy, the woman in the shape has bulging eyes and a pointed base (Figure of a Mother Holding a Child). According to the Brooklyn Museum, the base was most probably thrust into a pot containing earth and various bishimba, or materials of mineral, plant, animal, or mankind origin endowed with protective powers (Figure of a Mother Holding a Child). In actuality, the sculpture had been created for a Lulua woman who had experienced difficulties in childbirth.The Lulua people believed that it was the evil spirit which interrupted the pro cess of childbirth for women. So that the woman would trace the ancestral spirit of the Lulua tribe and get rid of the evil spirit, the artist gave her the sculpture to care for until delivery. The bulging eyes of the sculpture reveal that the woman is aware of the influence of the evil spirit that is stopping her from fit a mother (Lulua community). The Lulua peoples had migrated from western Africa to the Democratic Republic of Congo during the eighteenth century.These people lived in small regional chiefdoms, and therefore formed closely pucker communities (Lulua Tribe). Because they were immigrants, they were rather concerned about their continuity. Moreover, the Lulua people believed that their sculptures had to be created for religious reasons (Lulua Tribe). The Lulua artists who created sculptures such as the Figure of a Mother Holding a Child must have had faith that they were carrying out their moral duty toward their own people. Indeed, the religious values of the Lulu a people were guarded by their art.Sculptures of females were quite popular among them, as these figures exemplified the conjunction of physical and moral beautify ( metaphoric Sculpture). The Lulua people believed in equality proper behavior with physical ravisher (Figurative Sculpture). It can be inferred that the Figure of a Mother Holding a Child and all other sculptures created for the same reason were reminders for the Lulua people that the human body cannot be separated from morality. This teaching is clearly exemplified by the bond between mother and child. ConclusionWe focused on the political conditions surrounding the artist of Wedding of Mary and Joseph. Societal context of Renoirs painting, Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando, was explored with a legal brief overview of gender relations in nineteenth century Paris. This study may have been conducted with historical information gleaned through novels, too. Finally, the ethnical context of Figure of a Mother Holding a Ch ild was explored. Although this backchat was centered on political, societal and pagan contexts of three works of art, it was clarified as part of the discussion that an artwork may be appreciated in any number of ways.There are unbounded theories and innumerable stories about the history of mankind. What is more, any piece of artwork tells a tale about the space and time of its artist alone. The work lives on as students of art and historians delve into paintings over and again. Any number of assumptions could be made about the situational context of an artwork thus. Perhaps, therefore, it is reasonable to state that a work of art has as many minds as interpreters as the number of people that consider the artwork through the enactment of time. Moreover, only assumptions can be made about the situational context of an artwork.History is outmatch left to those that lived it. After all, we only make educated guesses about what people of the ancient lived through to gather usefu l information for our lives in the present. Works Cited Bennett, Caroline. Art and Architecture. oral examination Travel Guides. 11 Nov 2008. . Figurative Sculpture. interchange African Art. 11 Nov 2008. . Figure of a Mother Holding a Child. Brooklyn Museum Collections African Art. 11 Nov2008. . Lea, Henry C. Inquisition in 17th Century Peru Cases of Portuguese Judaizers. new-fashioned History Sourcebook. 11 Nov 2008. . Lulua Tribe Democratic Republic of Congo. For African Art. 2006. 11 Nov 2008. . Mancoff, Debra N. Paintings by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. How Stuff Works. 2008. 11 Nov 2008. .