Earthquake in Chile on economic growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Seismic tremor in Chile on financial development - Essay Example Horde tsunamis, following the tremor, struck numerous different towns and towns and exploited â€Å"fisherman and ranch workers†¦as well as campers and explorers (Chile 2010). In contrast with the legislative reaction to the seismic tremor in Haiti a couple of months back, the Chilean government was better capable, though incompletely, to react to the fiasco and help the individuals. In light of boundless plundering in the days that followed, the administration of Michelle Bachelet dispatched the military to keep the harmony. The assignment of reconstructing the nation will be monstrous. The seismic tremor â€Å"caused $15-30 billion in harm, or up to 20% of Chile’s GDP† (Chile 2010), a sum that may even now climb once an increasingly exact image of the harm rises. Influenced divisions of the economy incorporate both the lumber ventures and viticulture. With roughly $11 billion held in a sovereign reserve, the administration in any event has a few assets to attrac t on so as to help reconstruct the nation. Created by Roy F. Harrod and Evsey Domar during and after the Second World War, the Harrod-Domar model looks to clarify monetary development as not being direct but instead as being tumultuous. It states that â€Å"even† development is neither a solid occasion nor a normally decided one. Well known in the 1940’s and 1950’s it has presumably affected the historiography of the explanations behind the Great Depression finishing and the financial extension of the 1950’s. The war brought the monetary development that finished the Great Depression. Moreover, it is regularly held that when the soldiers returned home they had a lot of unspent reserve funds. At the point when they began to spend these investment funds, the economy took off. Therefore the Harrod-Domar model would hold that an elevated level of reserve funds, or accessible capital, is a motor of development. Venture powers funding to develop hence prodding monetary extension. In creating economies, s imilar to Chile for instance, a lot of accessible work can assist increment with yielding without causing

Preparing to Teach Grammar in an ESL Class

Getting ready to Teach Grammar in an ESL Class Showing sentence structure in an ESL/EFL setting is very not quite the same as instructing punctuation to local speakers. This short guide focuses to significant inquiries that you should pose to yourself to plan to show sentence structure in your own classes. Significant Questions to Address The significant inquiry that should be addressed is: how would I educate language structure? As such, how would I assist understudies with learning the sentence structure they need. This inquiry is misleadingly simple. From the outset look, you may believe that encouraging language is simply an issue of disclosing syntax rules to understudies. Nonetheless, encouraging language viably is a substantially more entangled issue. There are various inquiries thatâ need to be tended to for each class: What are the targets of this class?Is the class getting ready for a test? Is the class improving their English for business purposes? Is the class planning for summer occasions? etc.The answer to this inquiry is significant as it will assist you with settling on how much syntax actually should be instructed. On the off chance that understudies are getting ready for a Cambridge Exam, at that point punctuation will assume a huge job in your exercise plans. Then again, in the event that you are training a business class, phonetic equations may assume a bigger job as you furnish the students with standard expressions for composed archives, taking an interest in gatherings, etc.What kind of learning foundation do the students have?Are the understudies at school? Have they not read for various years? Are they acquainted with punctuation terminology?Adults who have not been going to class for various years are probably going to discover language structure clarifications befuddling while as understudies who are right now examining will most likely be significantly more skilled at understanding sentence structure outlines, articulations, and so on. What realizing materials and assets are available?Do you have the most recent understudy exercise manuals? Do you have no exercise manuals by any stretch of the imagination? Is there a PC in the classroom?The all the more learning assets you have the simpler it will be for you to utilize various systems when showing your understudies language structure. For instance, a gathering of understudies who like utilizing PCs could utilize the PC to examine a specific language structure task while another gathering who lean towards spoken clarifications may like to have you clarify the point with various models. Clearly, the more assortments of learning openings the better your odds are that every understudy will have the option to become familiar with the language point well.What sort of learning style does every understudy have?Is the student OK with standard right mind learning strategies (intelligent diagrams, study sheets, and so forth.)? Accomplishes the student work better with tuning in and rehashing exercises?This is one of the most troublesome parts of educating - particularly instructing sentence structure. In the event that you have a class of students with comparable learning styles, you can stand to utilize a comparable methodology. Be that as it may, in the event that you have a class of blended learning styles, at that point you have to attempt to give guidance utilizing whatever number various techniques as could reasonably be expected. When you have responded to these inquiries you can all the more expertly approach the topic of how you will give the class the sentence structure they need. At the end of the day, each class will have distinctive language structure needs and objectives and it is dependent upon the instructor to decide these objectives and furnish the methods with which to meet them. Inductive and Deductive Initial, a snappy definition: Inductive is known as a base up approach. As such, understudies finding punctuation rules while working through activities. For instance, aâ reading cognizance which incorporates various sentences depicting what an individual has done up to that period in time. In the wake of doing the understanding appreciation, the instructor could start to pose inquiries, for example, How long has he done either? Has he at any point been to Paris? and so forth and afterward follow with When did he go to Paris? To help the understudies inductively comprehend the distinction between the straightforward past and the current great, these inquiries could be followed with which interrogates talked concerning a clear time before? Which inquiries posed about the people general understanding? and so on. Deductive is known as a top-down methodology. This is the standard instructing approach that has an instructor disclosing rules to the understudies. For instance, the current immaculate is comprised of the helper action word have in addition to the past participle. It is utilized to communicate an activity which has started previously and proceeds to the present moment,â etc. Sentence structure Lesson Outline An instructor needs in any case to encourage learning. That is the reason we suggest furnishing understudies with inductive learning works out. In any case, there are surely minutes when the educator needs to disclose sentence structure ideas to the class. By and large, we suggest the accompanying class structure when showing sentence structure aptitudes: Start with an activity, game, tuning in, and so forth that presents the sentence structure concept.Ask understudies addresses that will assist them with distinguishing the language structure idea to be discussed.Follow with another activity that all the more explicitly centers around the punctuation idea, however adopts an inductive strategy. This could be a perusing exercise with questions and reactions in the structures that are being taught.Check reactions, request that understudies clarify the punctuation idea that has been introduced.At this point present showing clarifications as a method of clearing up misunderstandings.Provide an activity which centers around the right development of the language point. This could be an activity, for example, a fill the hole, cloze or tense conjugation activity.Ask understudies to by and by clarify the idea. As should be obvious, the educator is encouraging understudies to do their own adapting instead of utilizing the top-down methodology of directing guidelines to the class.

Pride And Prejudice Elizabeth And Mr Darcy Essay Example For Students

Pride And Prejudice Elizabeth And Mr Darcy Essay Elizabeths veiw of Mr. Drcy was first shaped at the primary ball, he was chosen to be the proudest,most obnoxious man on the planet, and everybody trusted he could never come there again. There at the ball Mr.Bingley prompted Mr.Darcy, as he was standing all alone,to hit the dance floor with Miss Elizabeth and wished to present her yet Mr. Darcy said,She is tolerable,but not attractive enough to entice me;and I am in no cleverness at present to offer result to youngsters who are insulted by other men. This annoyed Elizabeth and when she met Charlotte after the ball , What is Elizabeths initial introduction of Mr.Darcy? Is it justified?Elizabeth advised her , I could excuse his pride ,in the event that he had not embarrassed mine.Elizabeth considers Mr. Darcy as the most obnoxious man.However,I think she hasnt supported her assessment of Mr.Darcy since when Mr,Wickham informs her regarding Mr.Darcy and his relationship,she never attempts to discover the opposite side of the story yet judjes Mr. Darcy from just what she got notification from Mr.Wickham.

Abraham Lincoln A Man Of Courage - 1459 Words

Abraham Lincoln â€Å"Courage is not the absence of fear. It is going forward with the face of fear† - Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was a man of courage who many looked up to during the civil war. Lincoln was born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, and grew up western frontier in Kentucky and Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader and member of Illinois House of Representative, which he served for twelve year. Lincoln got a sense of what it took to be a leader of the free world. He was soon elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy. Lincoln got an idea of how the government system worked and applied his knowledge to help the citizens of Illinois. Lincoln agreed not to run a second term in congress, due to his opposition to the Mexican-American war was unpopular among Illinois voters. Lincoln then returned to Springfield and continued his law practice. He soon advanced from practicing law and became a leader in the building of the new Republican Party. Lincoln now had a sense of leadership and strived to make America a better nation. Soon after Lincoln took leadership over the republican party, he then voiced his opinion against the expansion of slavery but lost the U.S senate race to Douglas. Lincoln continued to speak out against the government and fight for the rights of slavery.In my opoion I belived Lincoln was a catalyst for change during her presidency due to his aShow MoreRelatedLeaders Of The 19th And 20th Century Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagesmentor and personal experiences. Some of the world’s most influential leaders such as Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., and Winston Churchill will always be distinct leaders who people can model themselves after because of their leadership rituals and strategic tactics. In order to develop more influential leaders, people must educate themselves on past policy makers and how they implem ented change. Abraham Lincoln, one of the most discussed Presidents, has earned a lot of credit because of hisRead MoreEssay on A Hero, President Abraham Lincoln683 Words   |  3 Pagesother than Abraham Lincoln the 16th President of the United States he was such a great person that i consider him a Hero in my book.He was the one who was president during the Civil War which was the bloodiest war in American soil.He also was the one who freed the slaves which is why i consider him a great hero i mean no one but him had the courage to say free the slaves during presidency.Abraham Lincoln is a hero for standing for the freedom for all and thought everyone is equal. 　　Abraham LincolnRead MoreAbraham Lincolns Second Inaugural Address1093 Words   |  4 Pagesrepentance, reconciliation, restoration† (Edwin Louis Cole). Abraham Lincoln’s â€Å"Second Inaugural Address† is a speech that highlights every point in Cole’s quote. He, Lincoln, talks about how the south manages to rebel, how their economy will be left in ruin, how they will repent and be forgiven by both God and the North, how the North and the South will reconcile, and finally he talks of how the nation will move on to restoration. Abraham Lincoln’s â€Å"Second Inaugural Address† emphasizes the reconciliationRead MoreAbraham Lincolns Beliefs1251 Words   |  5 PagesSome have said that Abraham Lincolns beliefs are a mystery. He himself has never proclaimed his beliefs but a lot can be determined by his actions and words. Through observation, there have been quite a lot of conclusions to his faith. Some conclusions are: skepticism , deism, Christianity, theism, fatalism, and even atheism. Its an on-going debate for the conclusion to his faith although we wont be able to ever prove exactly what his beliefs were since he never made a profession, there are manyRead MoreAbraham Lincolns Accomplishments During his Presidency Essays532 Words   |  3 Pagesand the idea that every man is created equal. Abe Lincoln helped establish equality and the mindset that comes with these beliefs were introduced to early americans from Abraham Lincoln. He helped abolish slavery and introduce a new era and shape america how it is today. Not only is he one of the most prominent leaders of the Civil War but an early influence and catalyst on the later Civil Rights Movement. Abe Lincoln accomplished many things during the civil war. Abe Lincoln was a great leader andRead MoreAbraham Lincoln: the Symbol of the Unlimited Possibilities of American Life1258 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln - Symbol of the unlimited possibilities of American life commemorative speech http://www.speech-writers.com  © www.speech-writers.com CSABCAbraham Lincoln ?Symbol of The Unlimited Possibilities of american Life There are few men whose characters are so extraordinary that they can be credited with saving a nation. The 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln was one such man. More than one hundred years after his assassination, ‘Honest Abe as heRead MoreAbraham Lincoln: Characteristics of a Hero907 Words   |  4 Pagesthe qualities of a hero: courageous, perseverant and compassionate – all of which Abraham Lincoln perfectly demonstrates. Abraham Lincoln was born in February 12, 1809, in a log cabin to a family of uneducated and poor pioneers (Denenberg and Bing). Throughout his life, Lincoln would be presented with many challenges, and will each time intrepidly tackle each challenge. Having no access to a formal education, Lincoln had to take his learning in his own hands, and owes his intellect and eloquence toRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And Richard Forrest825 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Lincoln and Nathan Bedford Forrest both influenced the the United States in different ways and continue to shape our future. Abraham Lincoln influenced the United States more effectively and positively than Forrest. Firstly both men started with similar upbringings:, they were born into poor families, started a business, and lost a parent at young ages. Their educations could not have been further apart as Lincoln was a self taught lawyer and Forrest received no formal education. They quicklyRead MoreThe Heroes Of Abraham Lincoln238 9 Words   |  10 PagesKevin Yu Mr. Stebens American Literature B4 4/27/2015 American Hero Many admire presidents as their heroes for the great power they possess. However, in my opinion, a hero is built by his or her characteristics. Abraham Lincoln was known to be a shining star in American History at time of darkness. He was courageous; when segregation, slavery, racism dominated the social trend it was him that pushed against all the odds and united the nation. He was confident; when facing military disadvantages andRead MoreIn the Article, Chiefly About War Matters, Nathaniel Hawthorne Describes Abe Lincolns Unattractiveness as Superficial1032 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Crane, author of The Red Badge of Courage, in regards to the American Civil War once despondently wrote, â€Å"It was not well to drive men into final corners; at those moments they could all develop teeth and claws† (Crane). Such describes the desperate and harrowing atmosphere of the time during which Abraham Lincoln was president of the United States. As Abraham Lincoln once perspicaciousl y reflected upon the significance of the Civil War, The struggle of today is not altogether for today

My Daily Routine Of School Essay - 1195 Words

Education is mainly known to be given through the process of supplying or receiving edification that is commonly gathered from schools. There is a variety of education that can be interpreted and taught differently all around the world that can differ from what we receive in America and its American schools. Although the ideal education and system that the United States offer-which is what is expected from the larger society that surrounds- becomes an ineffective process when compared to other countries such as Japan. (https://tokyo5.wordpress.com/2010/07/29/japanese-vs-us-schools/ ) In my daily routine of school in the U.S., I am provided many things that I tend to take for granted. It ranges from everyday transportation to learning something new everyday. According to, This is Water, written by David Foster Wallace, an American novelist and essayist, â€Å"There are these two young fish swimming along, and they happen to meet an older fish swimming the other way, who nods at them and says, â€Å"Morning boys, how’s the water?† And the two young fish swim on for a bit, and then eventually one of them looks over at the other and goes, â€Å"What the hell is water?†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Students are being provided the education that not many children have in other countries and are inhabited into the routine that can lead them to take their given opportunities and education for granted. In Japan, the work students give in their schools are on a tougher level. According to Tokyo Blog, a blo g site ran by anShow MoreRelatedDaily School Routine1019 Words   |  5 PagesMy School Routine Life is an interesting adventure worth living. I enjoy every bit of my life and enjoy things around me such as, beautiful landscape, budding flowers, green scenery, wonders of science seen in different forms, marvels of city life, the leisure of free time,. Though much of my daily school is routine-based, yet the variety and diversity of daily existence make my daily school routine an exciting adventure. Every person on the planet has his own life and obligations. A lot of peopleRead MoreDaily Routines Essays782 Words   |  4 PagesYour Daily Routines: Then and Now Day | Before College | After College | Sunday | My daily routine before college on a Sunday was to attend church service and was to decide what our Sunday dinner plans were. | My daily routine now that I am enrolled in college on a Sunday are to attend church service, decide what our Sunday dinner plans are, and to make sure that all of my assignments and discussion questions are submitted, and all participation posts are completed for the week. . | MondayRead MoreThe Habits Of The Habit1474 Words   |  6 Pageshave self-destructive qualities, such as: overeating, smoking cigarettes, texting and driving, or aggressive behavior. Some unfortunate souls, they have overlapping self-inflicting habits. It may come as a shock when one realizes how many of their daily â€Å"decisions† are indeed habits that they have unconsciously developed. Likewise, many people do not realize that when they are deciding to satisfy their cravings, they are just caving into their habits. For example, if one is a smoker and they decideRead MoreTask 6 Childminding Charter Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pagesï‚› Informing parents of child’s activities through use of a daily diary issued to each child, emails, text messages, phone calls. ï‚› On request from parents I will share child’s progress information with other settings e.g. preschool/nursery. ï‚› I will send out a parent questionnaire every 3 months ï‚› Where possible I will include parents in planning activities. ï‚› Always allowing the children’s parents to access any records held on my records. ï‚› Parents are requested to keep me informed of anyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Eczema1242 Words   |  5 Pages Within my family s health history, there are two notable diseases which the older members of my family are suffering from and these are only found within my father’s family line. On my father’s side of the family, Eczema is a common trait among all members, and I have one aunt who has systemic lupus erythematosus. Eczema is an irritation of the skin which promotes itchiness and can cause inflammation and swelling in certain areas.(Berman,2015) While lupus is a chronic inflammatory disease whichRead MoreSignificant Moments in My Life775 Words   |  4 Pageshave no remembrance of my early years of life, I would say that I do know my roots pretty well; I was born in a Caribbean country named Dominican Republic on April 6, 1992, which makes me sixteen years old. I am the fourth child out of six, making me the youngest out of the three girls. The basic information only situates my position in life but does not define me. I am a simple young lady that follows a routine on a daily basis. I have done small but significant things in my previous years that haveRead MoreCareer And College Research Paper947 Words   |  4 PagesCareer and College Research Paper Graduating from high school is vital for many different reasons, one of them being that it dictates the foundation of your entire future. Given that I am only in high school, I still have to take my future into my own hands, beginning with my pursuit to becoming an Obstetrician/ Gynecologist (OB/GYN). An â€Å"OB/GYN helps women with pregnancy, childbirth, general care and women with diseases in the reproductive system† (â€Å"Summary†). I chose this career because I wantRead MoreThe Importance Of Pre-K Courses994 Words   |  4 PagesCatholic School. This was the start of my faith and spiritual journey towards Catholicism. Blessed Trinity is a private school in Jacksonville which offers courses for elementary students and also middle school students. Typically classes were no larger than 30 students per class and per grade with one individual teacher for each grade. The daily routine stood for every student, teacher and faculty member in the school. The daily routin e consisted of students being dropped off at the school and fromRead MoreAn Application Project I Found Myself Struggling At First1378 Words   |  6 Pageswas concerned that the needs of my classroom, due to my current situation, might not meet the criteria of the project. I started a new position this school year at The Collaborative School (a special-purpose private school), a division of the nonprofit Maine Special Education/Mental Health Collaborative (MSE/MHC). The school provides day treatment services for children in grades K-12 who have been referred through the IEP process conducted by the student’s home school district. This year I took theRead MoreCreating And Maintaining Effective Environments For Student Learning884 Words   |  4 Pagessystem. During my time at Brandman we focused a lot on how to create a positive classroom culture and how to create effective classroom environments. I had opportunities at Brandman to learn to create individual behavior pla ns and how to track student behaviors while targeting specific behavior and social skills goals. It is my personal belief that students learn best by having a positive environment where they are able to feel supported, respected and safe. The demographic of my student population

China in Africa Essay - 20116 Words

news from the Nordic Africa Institute from the Nordic Africa Institute numBer 3 novemBer 2007 from the contents china and Africa Fantu Cheru theme: AfricAn Agriculture Agriculture and the World Bank Atakilte Beyene Property rights Kjell Havnevik Tor A. Benjaminsen Espen Sjaastad inequality and climate change contents to our reAders AfricAn Agriculture 1 3 november 2007 Carin Norberg African agriculture and the World Bank: development or impoverishment? Atakilte Beyene 5 8 Property rights formalisation in Africa Tor A. Benjaminsen Espen Sjaastad the relationship between inequality and climate change Kjell Havnevik commentAries intervieW 11 14 decoding the evolving china–Africa†¦show more content†¦In our interview section we present one interview with Martha Qorro, professor in English language, on the question about the language of instruction in Tanzania. She is of the opinion that the best way to teach English is not to use it as the language of instruction. She also responds to the question why the question of language of instruction has become such a sensitive political issue in Tanzania. In our second interview Jerome Verdier, chairman of the Liberia Truth and Reconciliation Commission, points to the fact that the TRC’s part of the conflict resolution is nothing new. Liberia has a history of resolving community conflicts at the round table. But in the past there were no prolonged conflicts, such as the recent 4 year period of massive human rights violation. In the research section we present the result of a conference which took place at NAI, Uppsala, in September 2007 regarding the ongoing d iscussions between EU and the ACP countries on Economic Partnership Agreements. The discussion at the conference highlighted the lack of connection between the poverty alleviation goal and the reality of the negotiations, despite numerous political declarations on both the EU and ACP sides. Key decisions on EPAs will soon be made by EU and ACP ministers. The Africa Europe Group of Interdisciplinary Studies, AEGIS, of which NAI is an active member, is presented through three contributions. Photo by Susanne Linderos News from the NordicShow MoreRelatedWhy China Is Good For Africa1542 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Why China is good for Africa Introduction In the ancient history, very little information, if any, is documented about the relationship between Africa and China. In the 21st century, however, the relationship between Africa and China is one that has attracted the attention of many people. The question that lingers in the minds of everyone therefore is, â€Å"how beneficial is the Africa- China relationship beneficial to the African continent?† answering this question may lead an individual in determiningRead MoreIndia, China And South Africa2299 Words   |  10 Pagesgeopolitical acronym that has influenced the international system one way or another. BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. They share a common political objective which is state sovereignty while increasing economic and social independence as well as interdependence. India is one of countries in the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) group which have been recognized for its phenomenal economic growth because of globalization and this has moved the countryRead MoreTaking a Look at the China-Africa Relation1563 Words   |  6 Pagesliterature, suggests an ambiguous result. On the issue of aid, Pronk (2001) pointed out that aid can be seen as a catalyst rather than a primer mover, in the sense that aid is not a cause of development but a push or support to development. In the China-Africa relation, the role of aid has been to allow recipient countries to level their investment above domestic savings. Accordingly, Cheney and MacEwan (1966) assess that the function of aid is to enable the economy to expand through its ability to investRead MoreChina and Africa Trade Relations Essay1873 Words   |  8 Pagestheir economies. Due to this, Africa has felt a burgeoning hope. With the dawning of each new day, it sees a new future. They have decided to look towards the rising sun. They have decided to turn their attention to the East. They have decided to welcome trade with China. However, no one knows exactly what the future holds. This uncertainty mirrors that uncertainty of the partnership itself. Is this just China serving its own interests? Some believe China is engaging in a new type of colonialismRead MoreBrics, India, China And South Africa1451 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction The acronym of â€Å"BRICS† refers to a group of five emerging economies - Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa which represent nearly 30% of the earth’s surface and 40% of world’s population . BRIC acronym was initially introduced by Chief Economist of Goldman Sachs in his report ‘Building Better Global Economic BRICs’ (2001). In 2010 South Africa was added to this group of countries because of its increasing economy. Goldman Sachs in its long term outlook in 2009 forecastedRead MoreBrics ( Brazil, Russia, India, China, And South Africa1546 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) nations are emerging as global powers in international business. The term BRICS was first coined by Wilson Purushothaman (2003) in a paper published by Goldman Sachs. This paper was the first to forecast the economic potential of the BRICS nations. Today these BRICS nations are referred as emerging economies or emerging markets despite most of these nations already ranking in the world’s top 10 economies. Economic forecastingRead MoreContrasting Growth Experience of China and Sub Saharan Africa3176 Words   |  13 PagesRachel Dicker 13164067 1) With reference to theories of growth and development, explain the contrasting growth experience of China and Sub Saharan Africa post 1980. Economic growth, put simply, is â€Å"an increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period of time†; development is inextricably linked with this economic growth. By utilising theories of economic growth and development we can see how the Chinese and Sub-Saharan African economies have emergedRead MoreInternet Censorship Of China, South Africa And Other Countries1851 Words   |  8 Pages Internet censorship in China, South Africa and other countries is something that prohibits real discussion from taking place regarding issues that affect the public. For instance, in China, certain key word searches are automatically filtered out so that users cannot find the information they are seeking. While Internet censorship may be good from one perspective (in terms of stemming the flow of child pornography, curbing false information, or putting a nation’s interests first), it can be viewedRead MoreHow Did Imperialism Effect The Areas Of Africa, China, And India?1615 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Imperialism How did imperialism effect the areas of Africa, China, and India? Imperialism is the act of a strong nation overtaking a smaller, weaker nation. There are many reasons why imperialism occurs, including motives from an economic standpoint, as well as just a way to show and achieve power. There were both positive and negative effects to imperialism, with the loss of many original citizens, but gaining different ways of life through cultural diffusion. For instance, many EuropeanRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Influence and Consequence of European Imperialism on Africa and China During the 19th Century.748 Words   |  3 PagesCompare and contrast the influence and consequence of European Imperialism on Africa and China during the 19th century. Imperialism is when one country dominates the cultural, economic, and political life of a nation weaker than itself. In the 19th century, Europe was the nation that was dominating both China and Africa. There were quite a few similarities in the way that European imperialism was changing these nations. One important similarity was that both the nations had resisted against

Building Assessment Process-1-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Identify the relevant building, planning, occupational health and safety requirements and environmental legislative requirements and explain how they interact and how these would be applied to the construction of a class 1a dwelling. 2.Explain the building permit application process in Victoria. 3.What is the role of a building surveyor both private and municipal. ? 4.Identify which regulation under Part 4 of the Building Regulations 2006 relates to this matter and identify if it complies. Explain your answer. 5.In your own words explain the performance solution process applied where a building solution does not meet the deemed to satisfy provisions of the BCA. Answers: 1.Building code of Australia (BCA) defines class 1a dwelling as one or more structures with a single dwelling for private residential dwellings. Building code of Australia aims at ensuring buildings is build to a standard for a specific use. Occupational health and safety is a unit dealing with safety, health and workers welfare. It is important in workplace to help in minimizing injuries or death (Robson et.al, 2007). Some of the requirements in this unit include health and safety management which devices methods to reduce cases of injury and illness at work place. These methods differ depending on place and type of work done. In order for this system to work, the manager of a company should train its workers on the need to maintain health and safety. Another health and safety requirement is hazard assessment and control; this forms a basis of occupational health and safety because it involves careful analysis of what could cause danger to workers at the work place hence preventing injuries and/or illness. For this case of construction, the manager should assess the work site in case it has any health hazards and thereafter come up with findings which can then be shared with the workers. The hazards could be physical, chemical, psychosocial or biological. Work site inspections is also a health and safety measure, work place should be inspected always by supervisor and workers. It involves checking the workplace to identify hazards and then eliminating them if possible. Incident management and investigation is also another form of health and safety requirement. This involves finding out the cause if an accident in the work place incase a worker has been injured and finding good measures to prevent similar cases from happening. To ensure good health and safety, Workers competency and training should also be taken into consideration. Workers should be competent in what they do and should have good training on how to operate machineries and know all safety measures. In a case where they are exposed to danger, the manger should find a way of eliminating the dangers to avoid risking workers life (Lingard Rowlinson, 2005). Emergency response and first aid, this is another requirement of health and safety. The work place should have an emergency response where in case of a problem or fire, the workers have an exit site to evade danger. In case of danger there should be first aid kits to offer first help before proceeding to health centre in case the injury is serious. When planning to erect a building, environmental legislative requirements are also taken into consideration and they include; environmental protection act which defines the level of contamination on a land to be used in erecting a building, it includes an idea that there can be a possibility of harm caused by contamination and therefore thorough investigations should be done(Fergusson Langford,2006). Environmental impact Assessment is a very crucial tool in assessing the impact of development projects and finding out ways to reduce future impacts. This is expensive and time consuming. Hazardous waste regulation which states that waste which is hazardous should be separated and removed for disposal at the correct place. Water resource act states that it is an offence to dispose waste to water bodies knowingly. This can occur through surface flow or through infiltration (Zhao, et.al, 2012). Therefore when planning to build a structure, waste disposal should be considered. 2.Building permit is a document giving authority to build and before applying it, a building surveyor is required .After getting a surveyor, you now apply for the permit and make payments, submit drawings, allotment allocation (Heijden, 2008). Thereafter it is checked for compliance under act and regulations and then makes a decision to issue permit with or without conditions. 3.Building surveyor is trained person with a great and deep knowledge of building control processes. There are two types; private and municipal building surveyor.Private building surveyor is a person who does his privately, while municipal surveyor works under local government or council. The roles of a building surveyor include issuing building permit, carry out inspections of buildings and work done and also issue occupancy permit. They show their competent skills by assessing and evaluation work plans (Chan Chan, 2005). Building surveyor ensures that all documents from all authorities are obtained. They also do the inspection work to buildings under construction to ensure that act regulations and BCA are adhered to. 4.Building close to a neighbors property may require that the building surveyor takes care of the other persons property and an insurance cover should be obtained before starting the work. According to part 4 of buildings Regulations 2006, changes have been made to minimum setback and the standards for average height for walls which doesnt need planning permit. Average height should be increased and maximum height unchanged. In this case where the boundary exceeds the boundary wall heights, the neighbors should be notified as per requirements. 5.In the case building fails to meet the requirements, an alternative solution is accurately presented the correct procedures followed (Baker Gleeson, 2006). If the alternative solution is based on material to be used or construction idea, a compliance certificate which was issued earlier issued is still acceptable. In the case where the design isnt as required, the alternative one is compared with the one which is accepted so as to achieve the required result. If in the case of a requirement which can be measured, a computer can be used to find out if requirements are met as per performance. Design and analysis documents of the alternative solution can be submitted for recording purposes to show that the requirements have been met, making approval process of alternative solution faster. References Baker, D. C., Sipe, N. G., Gleeson, B. J. (2006). Performance-based planning: perspectives from the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.Journal of Planning Education and Research,25(4), 396-409. Chan, A. T., Chan, E. H. (2005). Impact of perceived leadership styles on work outcomes: Case of building professionals.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,131(4), 413-422. Fergusson, H., Langford, D. A. (2006). Strategies for managing environmental issues in construction organizations.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management,13(2), 171-185. Heijden, J. . (2008).Competitive enforcement: Comparative analysis of Australian building regulatory enforcement regimes. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Lingard, H., Rowlinson, S. M. (2005).Occupational health and safety in construction project management. Taylor Francis. Top of Form Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. (2000).Appointing a building surveyor. London: RICS. Bottom of Form Robson, L. S., Clarke, J. A., Cullen, K., Bielecky, A., Severin, C., Bigelow, P. L. ... Mahood, Q. (2007). The effectiveness of occupational health and safety management system interventions: a systematic review.Safety Science,45(3), 329-353. Zhao, Z. Y., Zhao, X. J., Davidson, K., Zuo, J. (2012). A corporate social responsibility indicator system for construction enterprises.Journal of cleaner production,29, 277-289

Jean Piaget Essays - Child Development, Cognitive Psychology

Jean Piaget This paper revolves around developmental psychologist Jean Piaget and his work. While swaying from the personal to the professional sides of the Swiss psychologist, the research touches on key influences that inspired young Piaget to become such a driven and well respected psychologist. However, the most extensive part of this paper is the explanation of his cognitive development theory and how it evolved. The three main pieces to Piaget`s puzzle of cognitive development that are discussed are schemes, assimilation and accommodation, and the stages of cognitive growth. In addition to the material on the man and his theory, there is the most important component of the paper, the ways Piaget and his work molded the future. Piaget 3 Introduction Now known as one of the trailblazers of developmental psychology, Jean Piaget initially worked in a wide range of fields. Early in his career Piaget studied the human biological processes. These processes intrigued Piaget so much that he began to study the realm of human knowledge. From this study he was determined to uncover the secrets of cognitive growth in humans. Jean Piaget`s research on the growth of the human mind eventually lead to the formation of the cognitive development theory which consists of three main components: schemes, assimilation and accommodation, and the stage model. The theory is best known for Piaget`s construction of the discontinuous stage model which was based on his study of children and how the processes and products of their minds develop over time. According to this stage model, there are four levels of cognitive growth: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. While a substantial amount of psychologists presently choose to adhere to the constructs of the information processing approach, Piaget`s ground breaking cognitive development view is still a valuable asset to the branch of developmental psychology. Whether or not Piaget uncovered any answers to the mysteries of human knowledge is disputable, but one belief that few dispute is that Jean Piaget did indeed lay a strong foundation for future developmental psychologists. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Historical Background 4 Theoretical Construct 7 Impact on Society 12 Reference List 13 Piaget 4 Historical Background In 1896 the summer in Switzerland was just an ordinary, uneventful three months. However, during this ordinary and uneventful span of time, a child was born who would become an extraordinary developmental psychologist and fulfill the future with ground breaking events in the field of cognitive psychology. He was the son of an intelligent man and a stern, smart religious woman, and godchild of respected epistemologist Samuel Cornut. With such scholarly surroundings, there is little surprise that Jean Piaget developed into such an intelligent individual. At age eleven, young Piaget wrote a paper on albino sparrows and got it published. This publishing provided him with the opportunity to meet a man who would turn out to be very influential, Paul Godet, the curator at the local museum. Young Piaget also benefited highly from his prestigious high school in Neuchatel, along with the aforementioned godfather Samuel Cornut who introduced him to one of the two fields he would grow to love, epistemology, and most of all Jean Piaget`s parents who not only instilled an academia home environment but also provided a solid religious background. Another big moment came in the form of a book. Piaget names Henri Bergson`s L`Evolution Creatrice as the most influential piece of writing he has ever read in his adult life. He had this to say about it, reading Bergson was for me a revelation . .. close to ecstasy, (Cohen, 1983). Piaget 5 From this book Piaget developed a desire for biology to go along with his existing interest in philosophy, epistemology to be exact. Piaget stated in his first two books that he had ambitions of constructing a structure that addressed the basic questions of epistemology. However, according to Cohen (1983), Piaget`s strong initial interest in philosophy declined somewhat when he discovered that the philosophers did not really know any factual answers to questions that have plagued humanity. Piaget now became equally interested in biology and epistemology. This dual interest attracted him to psychology, yet he still was unsure of what direction he should take in his career. It was not until Piaget traveled to Paris to hear his favorite writer of the time, Bergson, that he began to get an idea of what he wanted to do. There Piaget met James M. Baldwin who would motivate him and teach him, the importance of imitation and of reversible operations, (Cohen, 1983). Both of these qualities would

The Complete IB Biology Syllabus SL and HL

The Complete IB Biology Syllabus SL and HL SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Oh, IB Biology. I took IB Biology SL back in my high school days. If you are looking at this syllabus, you're likely interested in taking the course or are currently enrolled in the course. In this article, I will go over the topics covered in IB Biology Standard Level and IB Biology Higher Level, as well as the number of hours dedicated to each topic along with what the IB expects you to understand for each topic. IB Biology SL and HL Core Both IB Biology SL and HL consist of the same core requirements (95 hours). Both classes cover the same six topics in the order listed below with the same subtopics listed below: Topic 1: Cell Biology- 15 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Introduction to cells 1.1 According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. Ultrastructure of cells 1.2 Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Membrane structure 1.3 Phospholipids form bilayers in water due to the amphipathic properties of phospholipid molecules. Membrane proteins are diverse in terms of structure, position in the membrane and function. Cholesterol is a component of animal cell membranes. Membrane transport 1.4 Particles move across membranes by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport. The fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken into cells by endocytosis or released by exocytosis. Vesicles move materials within cells. The origin of cells 1.5 Cells can only be formed by division of pre-existing cells. The first cells must have arisen from non-living material. The origin of eukaryotic cells can be explained by the endosymbiotic theory. Cell division 1.6 Mitosis is division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis. Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plant and animal cells. Interphase is a very active phase of the cell cycle with many processes occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Cyclins are involved in the control of the cell cycle. Mutagens, oncogenes and metastasis are involved in the development of primary and secondary tumours. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Topic 2: Molecular Biology- 21 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Molecules to metabolism 2.1 Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved. Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist. Life is based on carbon compounds including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Metabolism is the web of all the enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism. Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions. Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers. Water 2.2 Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them. Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. Substances can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Carbohydrates and lipids 2.3 Monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and polysaccharide polymers. Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated. Unsaturated fatty acids can be cis or trans isomers. Triglycerides are formed by condensation from three fatty acids and one glycerol. Proteins 2.4 Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides. There are 20 different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ribosomes. Amino acids can be linked together in any sequence giving a huge range of possible polypeptides. The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by genes. A protein may consist of a single polypeptide or more than one polypeptide linked together. The amino acid sequence determines the three-dimensional conformation of a protein. Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a wide range of functions. Every individual has a unique proteome. Enzymes 2.5 Enzymes have an active site to which specific substrates bind. Enzyme catalysis involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site. Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect the rate of activity of enzymes. Enzymes can be denatured. Immobilized enzymes are widely used in industry. Structure of DNA and RNA 2.6 The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides. DNA differs from RNA in the number of strands present, the base composition and the type of pentose. DNA is a double helix made of two antiparallel strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs. DNA replication, transcription and translation 2.7 The replication of DNA is semi-conservative and depends on complementary base pairing. Helicase unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds. DNA polymerase links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template. Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequences by RNA polymerase. Translation is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes. The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code. Codons of three bases on mRNA correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide. Translation depends on complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA. Cell respiration 2.8 Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP. ATP from cell respiration is immediately available as a source of energy in the cell. Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose. Aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose. Photosynthesis 2.9 Photosynthesis is the production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy. Visible light has a range of wavelengths with violet the shortest wavelength and red the longest. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light most effectively and reflects green light more than other colours. Oxygen is produced in photosynthesis from the photolysis of water. Energy is needed to produce carbohydrates and other carbon compounds from carbon dioxide. Temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration are possible limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis. Topic 3: Genetics- 15 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Genes 3.1 A gene is a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific characteristic. A gene occupies a specific position on a chromosome. The various specific forms of a gene are alleles. Alleles differ from each other by one or only a few bases. New alleles are formed by mutation. The genome is the whole of the genetic information of an organism. The entire base sequence of human genes was sequenced in the Human Genome Project. Chromosomes 3.2 Prokaryotes have one chromosome consisting of a circular DNA molecule. Some prokaryotes also have plasmids but eukaryotes do not. Eukaryote chromosomes are linear DNA molecules associated with histone proteins. In a eukaryote species there are different chromosomes that carry different genes. Homologous chromosomes carry the same sequence of genes but not necessarily the same alleles of those genes. Diploid nuclei have pairs of homologous chromosomes. Haploid nuclei have one chromosome of each pair. The number of chromosomes is a characteristic feature of members of a species. A karyogram shows the chromosomes of an organism in homologous pairs of decreasing length. Sex is determined by sex chromosomes and autosomes are chromosomes that do not determine sex. Meiosis 3.3 One diploid nucleus divides by meiosis to produce four haploid nuclei. The halving of the chromosome number allows a sexual life cycle with fusion of gametes. DNA is replicated before meiosis so that all chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids. The early stages of meiosis involve pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over followed by condensation. Orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes prior to separation is random. Separation of pairs of homologous chromosomes in the first division of meiosis halves the chromosome number. Crossing over and random orientation promotes genetic variation. Fusion of gametes from different parents promotes genetic variation. Inheritance 3.4 Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance with experiments in which large numbers of pea plants were crossed. Gametes are haploid so contain only one allele of each gene. The two alleles of each gene separate into different haploid daughter nuclei during meiosis. Fusion of gametes results in diploid zygotes with two alleles of each gene that may be the same allele or different alleles. Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles but co-dominant alleles have joint effects. Many genetic diseases in humans are due to recessive alleles of autosomal genes, although some genetic diseases are due to dominant or co-dominant alleles. Some genetic diseases are sex-linked. The pattern of inheritance is different with sex-linked genes due to their location on sex chromosomes. Many genetic diseases have been identified in humans but most are very rare. Radiation and mutagenic chemicals increase the mutation rate and can cause genetic diseases and cancer. Genetic modification and biotechnology 3.5 Gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size. PCR can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA. DNA profiling involves comparison of DNA. Genetic modification is carried out by gene transfer between species. Clones are groups of genetically identical organisms, derived from a single original parent cell. Many plant species and some animal species have natural methods of cloning. Animals can be cloned at the embryo stage by breaking up the embryo into more than one group of cells. Methods have been developed for cloning adult animals using differentiated cells. Topic 4: Ecology- 12 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Species, communities and ecosystems 4.1 Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Members of a species may be reproductively isolated in separate populations. Species have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition (a few species have both methods). Consumers are heterotrophs that feed on living organisms by ingestion. Detritivores are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from detritus by internal digestion. Saprotrophs are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion. A community is formed by populations of different species living together and interacting with each other. A community forms an ecosystem by its interactions with the abiotic environment. Autotrophs obtain inorganic nutrients from the abiotic environment. The supply of inorganic nutrients is maintained by nutrient cycling. Ecosystems have the potential to be sustainable over long periods of time. Energy flow 4.2 Most ecosystems rely on a supply of energy from sunlight. Light energy is converted to chemical energy in carbon compounds by photosynthesis. Chemical energy in carbon compounds flows through food chains by means of feeding. Energy released from carbon compounds by respiration is used in living organisms and converted to heat. Living organisms cannot convert heat to other forms of energy. Heat is lost from ecosystems. Energy losses between trophic levels restrict the length of food chains and the biomass of higher trophic levels. Carbon cycling 4.3 Autotrophs convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and other carbon compounds. In aquatic ecosystems carbon is present as dissolved carbon dioxide and hydrogen carbonate ions. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the atmosphere or water into autotrophs. Carbon dioxide is produced by respiration and diffuses out of organisms into water or the atmosphere. Methane is produced from organic matter in anaerobic conditions by methanogenic archaeans and some diffuses into the atmosphere or accumulates in the ground. Methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere. Peat forms when organic matter is not fully decomposed because of acidic and/or anaerobic conditions in waterlogged soils. Partially decomposed organic matter from past geological eras was converted either into coal or into oil and gas that accumulate in porous rocks. Carbon dioxide is produced by the combustion of biomass and fossilized organic matter. Animals such as reef-building corals and mollusca have hard parts that are composed of calcium carbonate and can become fossilized in limestone. Climate change 4.4 Carbon dioxide and water vapour are the most significant greenhouse gases. Other gases including methane and nitrogen oxides have less impact. The impact of a gas depends on its ability to absorb long wave radiation as well as on its concentration in the atmosphere. The warmed Earth emits longer wavelength radiation (heat). Longer wave radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases that retain the heat in the atmosphere. Global temperatures and climate patterns are influenced by concentrations of greenhouse gases. There is a correlation between rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide since the start of the industrial revolution 200 years ago and average global temperatures. Recent increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide are largely due to increases in the combustion of fossilized organic matter. Topic 5: Evolution and Biodiversity- 12 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Evidence for evolution 5.1 Evolution occurs when heritable characteristics of a species change. The fossil record provides evidence for evolution. Selective breeding of domesticated animals shows that artificial selection can cause evolution. Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation explains similarities in structure when there are differences in function. Populations of a species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution. Continuous variation across the geographical range of related populations matches the concept of gradual divergence. Natural selection 5.2 Natural selection can only occur if there is variation among members of the same species. Mutation, meiosis and sexual reproduction cause variation between individuals in a species. Adaptations are characteristics that make an individual suited to its environment and way of life. Species tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support. Individuals that are better adapted tend to survive and produce more offspring while the less well adapted tend to die or produce fewer offspring. Individuals that reproduce pass on characteristics to their offspring. Natural selection increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted and decreases the frequency of other characteristics leading to changes within the species. Classification of biodiversity 5.3 The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses. When species are discovered they are given scientific names using the binomial system. Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa. All organisms are classified into three domains. The principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. In a natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species. Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows that a previous taxon contains species that have evolved from different ancestral species. Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group. Cladistics 5.4 A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor. Evidence for which species are part of a clade can be obtained from the base sequences of a gene or the corresponding amino acid sequence of a protein. Sequence differences accumulate gradually so there is a positive correlation between the number of differences between two species and the time since they diverged from a common ancestor. Traits can be analogous or homologous. Cladograms are tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence in clades. Evidence from cladistics has shown that classifications of some groups based on structure did not correspond with the evolutionary origins of a group or species. Topic 6: Human Physiology- 20 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Digestion and absorption 6.1 The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle of the small intestine mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut. The pancreas secretes enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine. Enzymes digest most macromolecules in food into monomers in the small intestine. Villi increase the surface area of epithelium over which absorption is carried out. Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion as well as mineral ions and vitamins. Different methods of membrane transport are required to absorb different nutrients. The blood system 6.2 Arteries convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles to the tissues of the body. Arteries have muscle cells and elastic fibres in their walls. The muscle and elastic fibres assist in maintaining blood pressure between pump cycles. Blood flows through tissues in capillaries. Capillaries have permeable walls that allow exchange of materials between cells in the tissue and the blood in the capillary. Veins collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return it to the atria of the heart. Valves in veins and the heart ensure circulation of blood by preventing backflow. There is a separate circulation for the lungs. The heart beat is initiated by a group of specialized muscle cells in the right atrium called the sinoatrial node. The sinoatrial node acts as a pacemaker. The sinoatrial node sends out an electrical signal that stimulates contraction as it is propagated through the walls of the atria and then the walls of the ventricles. The heart rate can be increased or decreased by impulses brought to the heart through two nerves from the medulla of the brain. Epinephrine increases the heart rate to prepare for vigorous physical activity. Defense against infectious disease 6.3 The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease. Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting. Clotting factors are released from platelets. The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin. Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases. Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives specific immunity. Antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics. Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance. Gas exchange 6.4 Ventilation maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries. Type I pneumocytes are extremely thin alveolar cells that are adapted to carry out gas exchange. Type II pneumocytes secrete a solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside the alveoli to prevent the sides of the alveolus adhering to each other by reducing surface tension. Air is carried to the lungs in the trachea and bronchi and then to the alveoli in bronchioles. Muscle contractions cause the pressure changes inside the thorax that force air in and out of the lungs to ventilate them. Different muscles are required for inspiration and expiration because muscles only do work when they contract. Neurons and synapses 6.5 Neurons transmit electrical impulses. The myelination of nerve fibres allows for saltatory conduction. Neurons pump sodium and potassium ions across their membranes to generate a resting potential. An action potential consists of depolarization and repolarization of the neuron. Nerve impulses are action potentials propagated along the axons of neurons. Propagation of nerve impulses is the result of local currents that cause each successive part of the axon to reach the threshold potential. Synapses are junctions between neurons and between neurons and receptor or effector cells. When presynaptic neurons are depolarized they release a neurotransmitter into the synapse. A nerve impulse is only initiated if the threshold potential is reached. Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction 6.6 Insulin and glucagon are secreted by ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ ± cells of the pancreas respectively to control blood glucose concentration. Thyroxin is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the metabolic rate and help control body temperature. Leptin is secreted by cells in adipose tissue and acts on the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland to control circadian rhythms. A gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop as testes and secrete testosterone. Testosterone causes pre-natal development of male genitalia and both sperm production and development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. The menstrual cycle is controlled by negative and positive feedback mechanisms involving ovarian and pituitary hormones. Additional Higher Level Topics Only students taking IB Biology HL cover these topics. They consist of 60 hours of study. Topic 7: Nucleic Acids- 9 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand DNA structure and replication (HL ONLY) 7.1 Nucleosomes help to supercoil the DNA. DNA structure suggested a mechanism for DNA replication. DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of a primer. DNA replication is continuous on the leading strand and discontinuous on the lagging strand. DNA replication is carried out by a complex system of enzymes. Some regions of DNA do not code for proteins but have other important functions. Transcription and gene expression (HL ONLY) 7.2 Transcription occurs in a 5’ to 3’ direction. Nucleosomes help to regulate transcription in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells modify mRNA after transcription. Splicing of mRNA increases the number of different proteins an organism can produce. Gene expression is regulated by proteins that bind to specific base sequences in DNA. The environment of a cell and of an organism has an impact on gene expression. Translation (HL ONLY) 7.3 Initiation of translation involves assembly of the components that carry out the process. Synthesis of the polypeptide involves a repeated cycle of events. Disassembly of the components follows termination of translation. Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell. Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or for use in lysosomes. Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes due to the absence of a nuclear membrane. The sequence and number of amino acids in the polypeptide is the primary structure. The secondary structure is the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonding. The tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide stabilized by interactions between R groups. The quaternary structure exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Topic 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration, and Photosynthesis- 14 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Metabolism (HL ONLY) 8.1 Metabolic pathways consist of chains and cycles of enzyme-catalysed reactions. Enzymes lower the activation energy of the chemical reactions that they catalyse. Enzyme inhibitors can be competitive or non-competitive. Metabolic pathways can be controlled by end-product inhibition. Cell respiration (HL ONLY) 8.2 Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers. Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable. In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen. In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized, and converted into acetyl compound and attached to coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A in the link reaction. In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of acetyl groups is coupled to the reduction of hydrogen carriers, liberating carbon dioxide. Energy released by oxidation reactions is carried to the cristae of the mitochondria by reduced NAD and FAD. Transfer of electrons between carriers in the electron transport chain in the membrane of the cristae is coupled to proton pumping. In chemiosmosis protons diffuse through ATP synthase to generate ATP. Oxygen is needed to bind with the free protons to maintain the hydrogen gradient, resulting in the formation of water. The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted to the function it performs. Photosynthesis (HL ONLY) 8.3 Light-dependent reactions take place in the intermembrane space of the thylakoids. Light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. Reduced NADP and ATP are produced in the light-dependent reactions. Absorption of light by photosystems generates excited electrons. Photolysis of water generates electrons for use in the light-dependent reactions. Transfer of excited electrons occurs between carriers in thylakoid membranes. Excited electrons from Photosystem II are used to contribute to generate a proton gradient. ATP synthase in thylakoids generates ATP using the proton gradient. Excited electrons from Photosystem I are used to reduce NADP. In the light-independent reactions a carboxylase catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate. Glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate using reduced NADP and ATP. Triose phosphate is used to regenerate RuBP and produce carbohydrates. Ribulose bisphosphate is reformed using ATP. The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to its function in photosynthesis. Topic 9: Plant Biology- 13 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Transport in the xylem of plants (HL ONLY) 9.1 Transpiration is the inevitable consequence of gas exchange in the leaf. Plants transport water from the roots to the leaves to replace losses from transpiration. The cohesive property of water and the structure of the xylem vessels allow transport under tension. The adhesive property of water and evaporation generate tension forces in leaf cell walls. Active uptake of mineral ions in the roots causes absorption of water by osmosis. Transport in the phloem of plants (HL ONLY) 9.2 Plants transport organic compounds from sources to sinks. Incompressibility of water allows transport along hydrostatic pressure gradients. Active transport is used to load organic compounds into phloem sieve tubes at the source. High concentrations of solutes in the phloem at the source lead to water uptake by osmosis. Raised hydrostatic pressure causes the contents of the phloem to flow towards sinks. Growth in plants (HL ONLY) 9.3 Undifferentiated cells in the meristems of plants allow indeterminate growth. Mitosis and cell division in the shoot apex provide cells needed for extension of the stem and development of leaves. Plant hormones control growth in the shoot apex. Plant shoots respond to the environment by tropisms. Auxin efflux pumps can set up concentration gradients of auxin in plant tissue. Auxin influences cell growth rates by changing the pattern of gene expression. Reproduction in plants (HL ONLY) 9.4 Flowering involves a change in gene expression in the shoot apex. The switch to flowering is a response to the length of light and dark periods in many plants. Success in plant reproduction depends on pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal. Most flowering plants use mutualistic relationships with pollinators in sexual reproduction. Topic #10: Genetics and Evolution- 8 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Meiosis (HL ONLY) 10.1 Chromosomes replicate in interphase before meiosis. Crossing over is the exchange of DNA material between non-sister homologous chromatids. Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles on the chromosomes of the haploid cells. Chiasmata formation between non-sister chromatids can result in an exchange of alleles. Homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I. Sister chromatids separate in meiosis II. Independent assortment of genes is due to the random orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I. Inheritance (HL ONLY) 10.2 Gene loci are said to be linked if on the same chromosome. Unlinked genes segregate independently as a result of meiosis. Variation can be discrete or continuous. The phenotypes of polygenic characteristics tend to show continuous variation. Chi-squared tests are used to determine whether the difference between an observed and expected frequency distribution is statistically significant. Gene pools and speciation (HL ONLY) 10.3 A gene pool consists of all the genes and their different alleles, present in an interbreeding population. Evolution requires that allele frequencies change with time in populations. Reproductive isolation of populations can be temporal, behavioural or geographic. Speciation due to divergence of isolated populations can be gradual. Speciation can occur abruptly. Topic 11: Animal Physiology- 16 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Antibody production and vaccination (HL ONLY) 11.1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells. Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers. B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals. Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. Plasma cells secrete antibodies. Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens. White cells release histamine in response to allergens. Histamines cause allergic symptoms. Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells. Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease. Fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell. Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells. Movement (HL ONLY) 11.2 Bones and exoskeletons provide anchorage for muscles and act as levers. Synovial joints allow certain movements but not others. Movement of the body requires muscles to work in antagonistic pairs. Skeletal muscle fibres are multinucleate and contain specialized endoplasmic reticulum. Muscle fibres contain many myofibrils. Each myofibril is made up of contractile sarcomeres. The contraction of the skeletal muscle is achieved by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments. ATP hydrolysis and cross bridge formation are necessary for the filaments to slide. Calcium ions and the proteins tropomyosin and troponin control muscle contractions. The kidney and osmoregulation (HL ONLY) 11.3 Animals are either osmoregulators or osmoconformers. The Malpighian tubule system in insects and the kidney carry out osmoregulation and removal of nitrogenous wastes. The composition of blood in the renal artery is different from that in the renal vein. The ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule facilitate ultrafiltration. The proximal convoluted tubule selectively reabsorbs useful substances by active transport. The loop of Henle maintains hypertonic conditions in the medulla. ADH controls reabsorption of water in the collecting duct. The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation in animals. The type of nitrogenous waste in animals is correlated with evolutionary history and habitat. Sexual reproduction (HL ONLY) 11.4 Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve mitosis, cell growth, two divisions of meiosis and differentiation. Processes in spermatogenesis and oogenesis result in different numbers of gametes with different amounts of cytoplasm. Fertilization in animals can be internal or external. Fertilization involves mechanisms that prevent polyspermy. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium is essential for the continuation of pregnancy. HCG stimulates the ovary to secrete progesterone during early pregnancy. The placenta facilitates the exchange of materials between the mother and fetus. Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the placenta once it has formed. Birth is mediated by positive feedback involving estrogen and oxytocin. Options As a part of the IB Biology class, you'll cover one additional subject from the options below. (Typically you don’t choose, but rather your teacher does.) Whichever option you or your teacher chooses, you'll cover three or four topics (15 hours total) for SL and an additional two or three topics (25 hours total) for HL. Option A: Neurobiology and Behaviour- 15 Hours for SL and 25 hours for HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Neural development A.1 The neural tube of embryonic chordates is formed by infolding of ectoderm followed by elongation of the tube. Neurons are initially produced by differentiation in the neural tube. Immature neurons migrate to a final location. An axon grows from each immature neuron in response to chemical stimuli. Some axons extend beyond the neural tube to reach other parts of the body. A developing neuron forms multiple synapses. Synapses that are not used do not persist. Neural pruning involves the loss of unused neurons. The plasticity of the nervous system allows it to change with experience. The human brain A.2 The anterior part of the neural tube expands to form the brain. Different parts of the brain have specific roles. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary processes in the body using centres located mainly in the brain stem. The cerebral cortex forms a larger proportion of the brain and is more highly developed in humans than other animals. The human cerebral cortex has become enlarged principally by an increase in total area with extensive folding to accommodate it within the cranium. The cerebral hemispheres are responsible for higher order functions. The left cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from sensory receptors in the right side of the body and the right side of the visual field in both eyes and vice versa for the right hemisphere. The left cerebral hemisphere controls muscle contraction in the right side of the body and vice versa for the right hemisphere. Brain metabolism requires large energy inputs. Perception of stimuli A.3 Receptors detect changes in the environment. Rods and cones are photoreceptors located in the retina. Rods and cones differ in their sensitivities to light intensities and wavelengths. Bipolar cells send the impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells. Ganglion cells send messages to the brain via the optic nerve. The information from the right field of vision from both eyes is sent to the left part of the visual cortex and vice versa. Structures in the middle ear transmit and amplify sound. Sensory hairs of the cochlea detect sounds of specific wavelengths. Impulses caused by sound perception are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve. Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect movement of the head. Additional HL Neurobiology and Behaviour Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Innate and learned behaviour (HL ONLY) A.4 Innate behaviour is inherited from parents and so develops independently of the environment. Autonomic and involuntary responses are referred to as reflexes. Reflex arcs comprise the neurons that mediate reflexes. Reflex conditioning involves forming new associations. Learned behaviour develops as a result of experience. Imprinting is learning occurring at a particular life stage and is independent of the consequences of behaviour. Operant conditioning is a form of learning that consists of trial and error experiences. Learning is the acquisition of skill or knowledge. Memory is the process of encoding, storing and accessing information. Neuropharmacology (HL ONLY) A.5 Some neurotransmitters excite nerve impulses in postsynaptic neurons and others inhibit them. Nerve impulses are initiated or inhibited in post-synaptic neurons as a result of summation of all excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters received from presynaptic neurones. Many different slow-acting neurotransmitters modulate fast synaptic transmission in the brain. Memory and learning involve changes in neurones caused by slow-acting neurotransmitters. Psychoactive drugs affect the brain by either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic transmission. Anesthetics act by interfering with neural transmission between areas of sensory perception and the CNS. Stimulant drugs mimic the stimulation provided by the sympathetic nervous system. Addiction can be affected by genetic predisposition, social environment and dopamine secretion. Ethology (HL ONLY) A.6 Ethology is the study of animal behaviour in natural conditions. Natural selection can change the frequency of observed animal behaviour. Behaviour that increases the chances of survival and reproduction will become more prevalent in a population. Learned behaviour can spread through a population or be lost from it more rapidly than innate behaviour. Option B: Biotechnology and Bioinformatics- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Microbiology: organisms in industry B.1 Microorganisms are metabolically diverse. Microorganisms are used in industry because they are small and have a fast growth rate. Pathway engineering optimizes genetic and regulatory processes within microorganisms. Pathway engineering is used industrially to produce metabolites of interest. Fermenters allow large-scale production of metabolites by microorganisms. Fermentation is carried out by batch or continuous culture. Microorganisms in fermenters become limited by their own waste products. Probes are used to monitor conditions within fermenters. Conditions are maintained at optimal levels for the growth of the microorganisms being cultured. Biotechnology in agriculture B.2 Transgenic organisms produce proteins that were not previously part of their species’ proteome. Genetic modification can be used to overcome environmental resistance to increase crop yields. Genetically modified crop plants can be used to produce novel products. Bioinformatics plays a role in identifying target genes. The target gene is linked to other sequences that control its expression. An open reading frame is a significant length of DNA from a start codon to a stop codon. Marker genes are used to indicate successful uptake. Recombinant DNA must be inserted into the plant cell and taken up by its chromosome or chloroplast DNA. Recombinant DNA can be introduced into whole plants, leaf discs or protoplasts. Recombinant DNA can be introduced by direct physical and chemical methods or indirectly by vectors. Environmental protection B.3 Responses to pollution incidents can involve bioremediation combined with physical and chemical procedures. Microorganisms are used in bioremediation. Some pollutants are metabolized by microorganisms. Cooperative aggregates of microorganisms can form biofilms. Biofilms possess emergent properties. Microorganisms growing in a biofilm are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. Microorganisms in biofilms cooperate through quorum sensing. Bacteriophages are used in the disinfection of water systems. Additional HL Biotechnology and Bioinfomatics Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Medicine (HL ONLY) B.4 Infection by a pathogen can be detected by the presence of its genetic material or by its antigens. Predisposition to a genetic disease can be detected through the presence of markers. DNA microarrays can be used to test for genetic predisposition or to diagnose the disease. Metabolites that indicate disease can be detected in blood and urine. Tracking experiments are used to gain information about the localization and interaction of a desired protein. Biopharming uses genetically modified animals and plants to produce proteins for therapeutic use. Viral vectors can be used in gene therapy. Bioinformatics (HL ONLY) B.5 Databases allow scientists easy access to information. The body of data stored in databases is increasing exponentially. BLAST searches can identify similar sequences in different organisms. Gene function can be studied using model organisms with similar sequences. Sequence alignment software allows comparison of sequences from different organisms. BLASTn allows nucleotide sequence alignment while BLASTp allows protein alignment. Databases can be searched to compare newly identified sequences with sequences of known function in other organisms. Multiple sequence alignment is used in the study of phylogenetics. EST is an expressed sequence tag that can be used to identify potential genes. Option C: Ecology and Conservation- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Species and communities C.1 The distribution of species is affected by limiting factors. Community structure can be strongly affected by keystone species. Each species plays a unique role within a community because of the unique combination of its spatial habitat and interactions with other species. Interactions between species in a community can be classified according to their effect. Two species cannot survive indefinitely in the same habitat if their niches are identical. Communities and ecosystems C.2 Most species occupy different trophic levels in multiple food chains. A food web shows all the possible food chains in a community. The percentage of ingested energy converted to biomass is dependent on the respiration rate. The type of stable ecosystem that will emerge in an area is predictable based on climate. In closed ecosystems energy but not matter is exchanged with the surroundings. Disturbance influences the structure and rate of change within ecosystems. Impacts of humans on ecosystems C.3 Introduced alien species can escape into local ecosystems and become invasive. Competitive exclusion and the absence of predators can lead to reduction in the numbers of endemic species when alien species become invasive. Pollutants become concentrated in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels by biomagnification. Macroplastic and microplastic debris has accumulated in marine environments. Conservation of biodiversity C.4 An indicator species is an organism used to assess a specific environmental condition. Relative numbers of indicator species can be used to calculate the value of a biotic index. In situ conservation may require active management of nature reserves or national parks. Ex situ conservation is the preservation of species outside their natural habitats. Biogeographic factors affect species diversity. Richness and evenness are components of biodiversity. Additional HL Ecology and Conservation Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Population ecology (HL ONLY) C.5 Sampling techniques are used to estimate population size. The exponential growth pattern occurs in an ideal, unlimited environment. Population growth slows as a population reaches the carrying capacity of the environment. The phases shown in the sigmoid curve can be explained by relative rates of natality, mortality, immigration and emigration. Limiting factors can be top down or bottom up. Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles (HL ONLY) C.6 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. Rhizobium associates with roots in a mutualistic relationship. In the absence of oxygen denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrate in the soil. Phosphorus can be added to the phosphorus cycle by application of fertilizer or removed by the harvesting of agricultural crops. The rate of turnover in the phosphorus cycle is much lower than the nitrogen cycle. Availability of phosphate may become limiting to agriculture in the future. Leaching of mineral nutrients from agricultural land into rivers causes eutrophication and leads to increased biochemical oxygen demand. Option D: Human Physiology- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Human nutrition D.1 Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized by the body, therefore they have to be included in the diet. Dietary minerals are essential chemical elements. Vitamins are chemically diverse carbon compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body. Some fatty acids and some amino acids are essential. Lack of essential amino acids affects the production of proteins. Malnutrition may be caused by a deficiency, imbalance or excess of nutrients in the diet. Appetite is controlled by a centre in the hypothalamus. Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes. Starvation can lead to breakdown of body tissue. Digestion D.2 Nervous and hormonal mechanisms control the secretion of digestive juices. Exocrine glands secrete to the surface of the body or the lumen of the gut. The volume and content of gastric secretions are controlled by nervous and hormonal mechanisms. Acid conditions in the stomach favour some hydrolysis reactions and help to control pathogens in ingested food. The structure of cells of the epithelium of the villi is adapted to the absorption of food. The rate of transit of materials through the large intestine is positively correlated with their fibre content. Materials not absorbed are egested. Functions of the liver D.3 The liver removes toxins from the blood and detoxifies them. Components of red blood cells are recycled by the liver. The breakdown of erythrocytes starts with phagocytosis of red blood cells by Kupffer cells. Iron is carried to the bone marrow to produce hemoglobin in new red blood cells. Surplus cholesterol is converted to bile salts. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in hepatocytes produce plasma proteins. The liver intercepts blood from the gut to regulate nutrient levels. Some nutrients in excess can be stored in the liver. The heart D.4 Structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart wall. Signals from the sinoatrial node that cause contraction cannot pass directly from atria to ventricles. There is a delay between the arrival and passing on of a stimulus at the atrioventricular node. This delay allows time for atrial systole before the atrioventricular valves close. Conducting fibres ensure coordinated contraction of the entire ventricle wall. Normal heart sounds are caused by the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves closing causing changes in blood flow. Additional HL Human Physiology Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Hormones and metabolism (HL ONLY) D.5 Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Steroid hormones bind to receptor proteins in the cytoplasm of the target cell to form a receptor–hormone complex. The receptor–hormone complex promotes the transcription of specific genes. Peptide hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the target cell. Binding of hormones to membrane receptors activates a cascade mediated by a second messenger inside the cell. The hypothalamus controls hormone secretion by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland. Hormones secreted by the pituitary control growth, developmental changes, reproduction and homeostasis. Transport of respiratory gases (HL ONLY) D.6 Oxygen dissociation curves show the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Carbon dioxide is carried in solution and bound to hemoglobin in the blood. Carbon dioxide is transformed in red blood cells into hydrogencarbonate ions. The Bohr shift explains the increased release of oxygen by hemoglobin in respiring tissues. Chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in blood pH. The rate of ventilation is controlled by the respiratory control centre in the medulla oblongata. During exercise the rate of ventilation changes in response to the amount of CO2 in the blood. Fetal hemoglobin is different from adult hemoglobin allowing the transfer of oxygen in the placenta onto the fetal hemoglobin. Practical Scheme of Work You also need to complete experiments and experimental reports as a part of any IB Science course. For SL, there is 40 hours of material. For HL, there is 60 hours of material. Here are the activities: Practical activities: 20 hours for SL and 40 hours for HL Lab work in class counts towards these hours Individual investigation (internal assessment-IA): 10 hours for SL and HL A lab project along with a report that counts as 20% of your IB exam scores (written exam counts for the other 80%) Group 4 Project:10 hours for SL and HL Students are separated into groups and must conduct an experiment and write a report. Experiments may not be this cool. What’s Next? Thinking about taking AP Biology instead? Learn what's covered in a AP Bio here. Looking for more in-depth explorations of the topics mentioned on this syllabus? Read our subject-specific articles on topics varying from the photosynthesis equation to homologous and analogous structures to cell biology (including cell theory, enzymes, and how the cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum work). Are you hoping to squeeze in some extra IB classes? Learn about the IB courses offered online. Studying for the SAT? Check out our complete guide to the SAT. Taking the SAT in the next month? Check out our guide to cramming. Not sure where you want to go to college? Check out our guide to finding your target school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: